World War I

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World War I

• SOL WHII.9

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Tensions for WWI

• Traced back to age of unification and imperialism
• 5 major factors that caused WWI

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5 Major Factors That Caused WWI
1. Nationalism
2. Imperialism
3. Militarism
4. Alliances
5. Powder Keg
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• Nationalism
• Tension between Germany and France over the
  territory of Alsace-Lorraine, which had been
  taken away from France after their loss in the
  Franco-Prussian War

• Loyalty to ones nation desire for unity

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Militarism

• Mobilization and build up of army and navy due to
  industrialization

• Germany rivaled Britain
• Glorified warcountries not afraid to prepare for
  war

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Imperialism

• Competition
• Countries did not forget the resentment over lost
  colonies

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Alliances

• Triple Alliance-Germany, Austria-Hungary, and
  Italy

• Triple Entente-Russia, France, Great Britain
  (would give Germany a war on two fronts)
• --Russia needed a loan and France needed an ally
  in the early 1900s

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Alliances

• Reinsurance Treaty provided for neutrality in
  case either Russia or Germany became involved in
  a defensive war. Treaty dissolved after William
  II forced Bismarck out

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Powder Keg

• THE BALKANS Serbia wanted to create a united
  Slavic state on the Balkan Peninsula
• Would include the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina,
  but Austria controlled them
• Russia supported Pan Slavismunion of Slavic
  states

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Assassination of the Archduke

• The Last Straw!!!

• The spark that was needed to start a war
• Became a world war due to the Alliance System

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Assassination of the Archduke

• Gavrilo Princip
• Black Hand

• Member of the Black Hand (assassinated the
  Archduke)
• A Serbian terrorist group which means Union of
  Death

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• Austria gave Serbia an ultimatumwith 48 hours to
  comply.
• Serbia accomplished all but 2 demands
• Austria declared war on Serbia July 28, 1914
• Because of alliances, WWI was under way!

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• Belgium declared neutrality in 1839.
• Would not help any belligerentsor warring
  nationsas long as no one attacked them

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• Belgiums geography is flat, so Germany asked
  Belgium if they could walk through to
  FranceBelgian King said NO
• Germany did it anywaydestroyed much of Belgium
• Great Britain declared war on Germany on behalf
  of neutral Belgium.

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Alliances Soon Expand!!

• Japan entered entente
• Italy switched sides to the Triple Entente in May
  1915

• November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the
  Alliance to block Russia and the Black Sea
• Oct. 1915, Bulgaria entered on the Alliance

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Central Powers

• Everyone thought it would be quick
• Alliances change to Central Powers, because they
  had created a central block in Europe.

• Advantages that the Central Powers had
• Easy communication
• Rapid troop movement
• Well-organized, equipped army

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Allied Powers

• AKA Triple EntenteGreat Britain, France, Italy,
  Russiamade up strongest, but there were a total
  of 32 powers!!!

• Allied Powers advantages
• More soldiers
• Greater industrial potential
• Control of the seas, which gave them more food,
  supplies, and they could blockade easier

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Innovations

• Due to the IR and mass production the weapons
  needed for WWI could easily be manufactured!!!

• Most important innovation machine gun
• Trench Warfare
• Tank
• Airplanes
• U-boats
• Poison Gas

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What made this war different?

• Innovations
• Drafted Soldiersnot professional soldiers
• WWI was a total wareveryone was involved from
  the government, soldiers, to women and children
  at home.
• Propagandaused to stir patriotism and it was
  effective in motivating the U.S. into war
• WWI known as the "Great War

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Propaganda Posters
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• Trench Warfare

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WAR!!!!

• Germansplanned to get rid of a war on two fronts
• GeneralVon SchlieffenSwinging Hammer
• Take out western front 1stbiggest threatmade it
  to France, French saved Paris Stalemate
• Next take out eastern frontRussians
  advanced-Germans pushed back Allies try to take
  Constantinople, but fail

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• British try a blockade of the North Sea, but
  Germans responded with the U-boat.
• Submarine warfare hurt the allies

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5 Events for U.S. Entry

• 1. Lusitania ended neutrality
• 2. British Propaganda sympathy
• 3. Zimmerman Telegram anger
• 4. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare threatening
  behavior
• 5. Russian Revolution confidence

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U.S. Declares War!!

• Woodrow Wilson went to Congress on April 2, 1917,
  and asked for a declaration of war against
  Germany.
• April 6th he got it

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Zimmerman Telegram
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Problems in Russia

• Russia was facing problems at the home front
• Revolution of 1905did not cause any
  changespeople still unhappy
• Many joined secret societies to act against the
  govt
• Nicholas II taking all blamewould be the last
  absolute monarch in Europe

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Problems in Russia cont

• Spring 1917, strikes broke out in St. Petersburg
  and Petrograd
• Nicholas II ordered troops to put the strikes and
  riots downtroops ended up joining in
• March 15, 1917, Nicholas II abdicated throne
• He and his entire family executed
• Romanov dynasty had come to an end

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Russia has no govt!!

• Until a govt could be established, a temporary
  govt established

• Nicholas II
• Soviet
• Mensheviks whites (moderate socialists)
• Bolsheviks--reds (radicals-communists)

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Bolsheviks

• LeaderLenin
• Advocated Marxism (communism)
• Nov. 1917, overthrew temp. govtknown as
  Bolshevik Revolution
• 1918, became known as the Communist Party

• Communists signed peace treaties with all Central
  Powers in 1918to focus on internal problems
• Lost a lot of land!
• With Russia out of the warU.S. help is crucial!!

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14 Points!!

• After Russia withdrew for war many people
  question the motives for war.
• Woodrow Wilson continued his plea of making world
  safe for democracy.
• Wilson announces his Fourteen Points to Congress
  in Jan. 1918
• Plan to preserve peace and democracy around the
  world

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14 Points cont

• Mostly peace-keeping plans
• 14th point called for the creation of a general
  association of nations to keep world peace

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Final Defeat of Central Powers

• Final defeat came w/the help of U.S.
• Bulgariadefeated Sept. 1918
• Austria-Hungarybreakup of the Dual Monarchy and
  both form separate peace agreements
• Germanymost Germans wanted peace. Nov. 9, 1918,
  Kaiser William II abdicated and German Republic
  proclaimed

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Final Defeat of the Central Powers

• Nov. 11, 1918 (11th hour, of the 11th month, on
  the 11th day) armistice was signed. (NOW
  VETERANS DAY)
• Armistice severe and were created to keep Germany
  from fighting again.

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Great War Devastation

• Costs of the WarOne of the reasons for the name
  Great War
• Total 10 million dead 20 million wounded
• Russia suffered most2 million
• Germany very close behind
• France lost 1.5 million
• U.S. lost 115,000
• An estimated total cost for the war is 400
  billion dollars

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Peace Conference

• Big Four
• David Lloyd GeorgePrime Minister of England
• Georges ClemenceauPremier of France
• Woodrow WilsonPresident of the U.S.
• Vittorio OrlandoPremier of Italy

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Peace Conference(Foreshadow of WWII)

• Big Four quarreled over territorial claims
• France had the biggest demands
• Italy had a few requests, but Big Four would not
  give Italy what they wanted, they left
• Everyone wanted pieces of Germany

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Peace Conference(Foreshadow of WWII)

• Japan wanted permanent control over the islands
  they controlled during the war, as well as, a
  major influence in China.
• A fight broke out and Japan almost left

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Peace Conference(Foreshadow of WWII)

• Real destructionGermany forced to pay
  reparations
• Germany punished most severely
• 14 Points suggested a Peace of Justice
• All the territorial claims Peace of Vengeance
• Most of the allies wanted to teach the Central
  Powers a lesson
• U.S. did not understandthey had only been
  involved for a year.

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Treaty of Versailles

• Germany
• Had to admit guilt and pay reparations, but the
  allies did not specify how much, but the Germans
  had no choice (blank check)
• Pay 5 billion within 2 years and an unspecified
  amount later
• 1921, they ordered another 28 billion
• Lose Rhineland and Saar Valley for 15 years

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Treaty of Versailles

• Germany forced to downsize military
• Could not manufacture artillery
• Austria-Hungary dealt with separately. Both
  countries lost territory, but new territories
  were created.
• Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were created
• Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire lost territoriesnew
  nations created Iraq, Palistine, Trans-Jordan,
  Syriagoverned by an allied power or League of
  Nations

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Problems after the War

• Russia, an allied power, lost territory.
• Poland got larger and Estonia, Latvia, and
  Lithuania were all created.
• This will make Russia very mad (WWII)

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League of Nations

• League (according to Wilson) had two goals
• International cooperation
• Settle disputes peacefully and reduce world
  armaments

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League of Nations

• Would include all independent, sovereign nations
• 3 agencies made up the League and would work
  w/the World Court in Hague.
• Secretariat conduct League business
• Assembly 1 vote for each memberlower house
• Council 9 member nations (later 15) 5 would be
  permanent (Br., Fr., It., Jp., U.S.)

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Mandates

• League would watch over areas not ready for
  independence and they would be assigned a
  governing power
• Mandate area assigned an advanced nation to
  administer their government
• Lebanon and SyriaFrench Mandates
• Palestine and Trans-JordanBritish mandates

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League of Nations

• The League could punish member nations for
  breaking rules by imposing economic sanctions
  (restrictions) such as embargoes and military
  force was always a last resort
• U.S. never joined the League
• U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles
  until later either
• Germany joined in 1926, Russia in 1934.
• In 1935, 62 nations had joined the LON