Colonial America

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Colonial America
Invasions and Settlements
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Colonial America Invasions and
Settlements

• Overview
• The Rise of the Iberian Atlantic, 1500s
• Portuguese and Spanish Enterprises
• The Rise of Imperial Competition, 1600s
• French, Dutch, and English Enterprises
• The English Colonies, 1600s

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The Iberian Atlantic, 1500-1600

• Expansion of the Portuguese Atlantic
• Global sphere of Influence
• Africa
• Commodities
• Brazil
• Early Portuguese interests, 1500-1530
• Early colonization, 1530-1550
• Expansion of colonization, 1550-

• Impact of Sugar-Slave market
• Europeans
• Africans

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• New Spain, 1492-1821
• Expansion, 1519 -
• Conquests Mexico and Peru
• Who were the conquistadores?
• Large Ports develop
• San Juan, Havana, Cartagena, etc.
• Impact on Spain (city of Seville)?

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Hernando Cortes
Aztec Capital Tenochititlán (Mexico City), 1519
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Francisco Pizarro
Inca Capital City of the Sun (Cuzco, Peru),
1530
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• How did these conquistadores do it?
• With technological advantages
• important, but not decisive
• Intimidation (psychological factors)
• E.g., Arquebuses, horses, and dogs
• Native allies
• They sparked virgin-soil epidemics
• The greatest determining factor

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• New Spain (cont.)
• Governing system, 1500-1546
• encomiendas (tributary labor)
• Responsibility of the encomenderos toward natives
• Protection
• Christianization by way of the requerimiento
• Social System castas
• Hierarchy based on hereditary
• Spanish
• meztiso (métis in French contexts)
• mulatto (creole)
• American Indian
• cafuzo
• African

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Atlantic WorldThe Iberian Atlantic, 1500-1600

• New Spain
• The Spanish Frontier, 1530-1600
• General pattern
• Spanish expansion slowed beyond the core regions
  of central Mexico and Peru. Why?
• Conquistadores sought mines and fields of maize.
• Resistance more effective resistance from more
  dispersed, more mobile and less prosperous
  Indians.
• Significant explorations
• Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-1536
• Hernando de Soto, 1539-1543
• Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, 1540-1542

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Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-1536
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Hernando de Soto, 1539-1543
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Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, 1540-1542
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• New Spain The Spanish Frontier, 1530-1600
• Permanent settlements
• Florida St. Augustine, 1565
• New Mexico Santa Fe, 1610

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Atlantic WorldNew Spain

• New Spains Northern Frontier, 1530-1680
• Permanent settlements
• Florida St. Augustine, 1565
• Pedro Menendez de Aviles, ruthless navel officer
• How was St. Augustine founded?
• New Mexico Santa Fe, 1610
• 500 soldiers led by Juan de Onate launched a
  bloody rampage of the Acoma pueblo (killing 500
  men 300 women and children), 1598
• Pueblo revolt led by Taos Indian prophet Popé,
  1680

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Las Casas and SepulvedaThe Great Debate, 1550
What were their respective arguments? (Lepore,
pp. 75-78) --Las Casass writings inspire the
so-called Black Legend
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Atlantic WorldThe Iberian Atlantic, 1500-1600

• New Spain (cont.)
• Reorganization of colonies, 1546-1600
• End of the conquistador era, 1530s
• Repartimiento system introduced (reformed
  tributary labor), 1546
• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Problems internal external

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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Internal Problems
• External Problems
• Imperial Competition
• Piracy (privateering)
• Settlements
• .

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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Competing North American Colonies, 1600-1700
• New Spain Colonization, Conversion, and Mining
• English Virginia Settlements and a Staple Crop
• New France Settlements, Conversion, and Fur
  Trade
• English New England Settlements, Commerce, and
  Fur Trade
• New Netherland Settlements, Commerce, and Fur
  Trade

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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Competing North American Colonies, 1600-1700
• New Spain Colonization, Conversion, and Mining
• English Virginia Settlements and a Staple Crop
• Jamestown, 1607
• New France Settlements, Conversion, and Fur
  Trade
• English New England Settlements, Commerce, and
  Fur Trade
• New Netherland Settlements, Commerce, and Fur
  Trade

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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Competing North American Colonies, 1600-1700
• New Spain Colonization, Conversion, and Mining
• English Virginia Settlements and a Staple Crop
• Jamestown, 1607
• New France Settlements, Conversion, and Fur
  Trade
• Quebec, 1608
• English New England Settlements, Commerce, and
  Fur Trade
• New Netherland Settlements, Commerce, and Fur
  Trade

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Eastern North America in the Seventeenth and
Early Eighteenth Centuries pg. 86
Eastern North Americain the Seventeenth and
Early Eighteenth Centuries
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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Competing North American Colonies, 1600-1700
• New Spain Colonization, Conversion, and Mining
• English Virginia Settlements and a Staple Crop
• Jamestown, 1607
• New France Settlements, Conversion, and Fur
  Trade
• Quebec, 1608
• New Orleans, 1718
• English New England Settlements, Commerce, and
  Fur Trade
• New Netherland Settlements, Commerce, and Fur
  Trade

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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Competing North American Colonies, 1600-1700
• New Spain Colonization, Conversion, and Mining
• English Virginia Settlements and a Staple Crop
• Jamestown, 1607
• New France Settlements, Conversion, and Fur
  Trade
• Quebec, 1608
• New Orleans, 1718
• English New England Settlements, Commerce, and
  Fur Trade
• Plymouth, 1620
• Massachusetts Bay, 1629
• New Netherland Settlements, Commerce, and Fur
  Trade

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• Decline of Iberian Dominance, 1560-1600
• Competing North American Colonies, 1600-1700
• New Spain Colonization, Conversion, and Mining
• English Virginia Settlements and a Staple Crop
• Jamestown, 1607
• New France Settlements, Conversion, and Fur
  Trade
• Quebec, 1608
• New Orleans, 1718
• English New England Settlements, Commerce, and
  Fur Trade
• Plymouth, 1620
• Massachusetts Bay, 1629
• New Netherland Settlements, Commerce, and Fur
  Trade
• New Amsterdam, 1624 (-64)

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Canada and New Netherland
Engraving of Champlain leading an French and
Indian assault against Mohawks, 1609
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New France, 1605-1763 Principle Regions Acadia,
Canada, and LouisianaCenters Port Royal (1605),
Quebec (1608), and New Orleans (1718, 1722)
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New France, 1605-1763 Principle Regions Acadia,
Canada, and LouisianaCenters Port Royal (1605),
Quebec (1608), and New Orleans (1718, 1722)

• Precursors North Atlantic, 1500s
• What was the draw?
• Fish Furs
• Kettles, Knives, Beads
• Who was drawn?
• Developments
• Shore camps
• Fur trade
• Deepening mutual dependency

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New France and New NetherlandLecture Outline
(Wednesday-Today-Monday)

• New France (1605-1763)
• Precursors, 1500s
• Fur Trade
• Settlements (regions)
• Port Royal (Acadia), 1605
• Quebec (Canada), 1608
• Louisiana (New Orleans), 1718
• French-Native American Relations
• Trade Alliances
• Deepening Mutual Dependency
• Mutual Accommodation
• Missionization
• Hostilities Iroquois Wars
• Film Black Robe
• New Netherland (1624-1664)
• Mixed Industry Traders and Settlers

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• Imperial projects
• Early Explorations
• Verrazano
• 1524
• Jacques Cartier
• Voyages 1534, 1535-36, 1540-41
• Settlements
• Acadia
• De Monts founds Port Royal, 1605
• Canada
• Samuel Champaign founds Quebec, 1608

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The Indians New Worldby James H. Merrell (1991)

• For American Indians a new order arrived in three
  distinct yet overlapping stages
• Alien microbes
• Traders
• Settlers
• Indians new world in New France?

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• French-Native American Evolving relationship
• At Port Royal
• Micmacs
• At Quebec
• Montagnais and Algonquins
• Hurons

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New France, 1600-1650 The Fur Trade

• Early patterns of trade mutual dependency and
  accommodation
• Native American expectations reciprocity
• Exchange is an extension of social kinship
• i.e., a function of dimplomacy
• Objects of exchange are gifts
• that bind the two parties to a social alliance
• as common kin who look out for one another
• Yet, whoever gives more, gains more. How so?
• Material capital (stuff) vs. symbolic capital
  (honor)
• Ceremonial elements
• French (European) Expectations?

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New France, 1600-1650 French-Native American
Relations

• Trade Alliances
• Mutual accommodation across conflicting outlooks
  on trade
• Native American expectations reciprocity
• Within society
• With other societies
• Exchange is a function of diplomacy
• What did these French allies want from the French
  beyond the goods generated by the fur trade?
• Ceremonial elements enhance the gesture of giving
• Beautiful and/or exotic items (beads/wampum,
  shiny metals) were also valued.
• Why?

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Were these trade customs (in general) unique to
Native Americans?
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New France, 1600-1650 French-Native American
Relations

• Trade Alliances
• Mutual accommodation across conflicting outlooks
  on trade (cont.)
• Native American expectations reciprocity
• French expectations/goals of the fur trade?
• For both fur traders and imperial officials
  Furs!
• For imperial officials in addition
• Knowledge of the interior
• Greater cooperation as allies and trading
  partners
• Besides traders, who else would the Crown enlist
  to develop this project of New France?
• Mixed-success of the Missionaries
• Relationship with the Hurons

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• Northern Iroquoian Peoples Hurons and 5-Nations
• Industry Mixed-Economy
• Highly-Organized, Matrilineal, Fortified Villages
• Why were the Hurons of special interest to the
  French
• Emergence of 5-Nations Confederacy, c. 1600
• Peace established through condolence ceremony
• Role of warfare and captives

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(west door) ? Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida,
Mohawk ? (east door)
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• War waged against the 5-Nation Iroquois
• Initial Iroquois defeats, 1608-1610s
• Turning-Point?1620s What Happens?
• Lasting impact?
• Longstanding hostilities between French and
  Iroquois
• Beaver Wars 1640s-1660s, 1680s
• French British conflicts
• Four wars between 1689-1663

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• Victims of Conflict, 1640s
• Hurons
• Missionaries
• Brébeuf along with seven other Jesuits were
  executed by Iroquois during the 1640s

Engraving of Father Brébeufs and Father
Lallemants martyrdom
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New Netherland, 1624-1664 Driving Forces

• The Dutch Empire, early 17th c.
• Economic Giant
• Center Amsterdam
• Factors?
• Geography
• Liberal Government
• Decentralized republic
• wealthy merchants and rural aristocrats
• Intellectual and religious freedom
• Holland Province
• House of Orange
• Assumed power over foreign affairs
• navy
• Wars, Independence, and Expansion
• Piracy
• Colonies

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The Dutch Empire, 17th c.
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The Middle Colonies Beginnings

• New Netherland (Hudson River Valley)
• Precursors, 1609
• Henry Hudson, 1609
• Fur traders
• Fort Nasseau, 1614
• Relocated and renamed Fort Orange
• Dutch West India Company
• New Amsterdam, 1624

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The Middle Colonies Beginnings

• Rival Settlements
• New England
• New Sweden (Delaware River Valley)
• Swede/Fin Settlement founded at Fort Christina,
  1638 (to 1655)
• annexed by New Netherland, 1655.

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New Netherland

• Industries and societies (split)
• Fort Orange
• traders
• New Amsterdam
• Settlers
• patroons
• Indian relations (split)
• Mohawks (north)
• Algonquians (south)
• Governorship
• Pieter Stuyvesant, 1647-1664
• Overtaken by English, 1655
• Factors?

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Black Robe (1991)

• Film adaptation of Brian Moores historical novel
  (pub. 1985)
• Based on the Jesuit Relations
• French and Native Trade Relations
• Mutual Accommodations
• Varying French attitudes about the New World
  (wilderness) and its native peoples (savages)
• Imperial Officials (Champlain)
• Missionaries (LaForgue)
• Traders (Daniel)
• Native views of French peoples

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Film Black Robe

• Some items to consider
• Code of reciprocity
• French attitudes about the wilderness
• French vs. Native American religious orientations
• On spirits
• On values

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