Latin America

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Latin America

• AP World History

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1810 Father Hidalgo (Catholic Priest) wanted
  political freedom, to end slavery, and improve
  living conditions for Mexicos poor
• September 16, 1810 gives address called el
  Grito de Delores (Cry of Delores)
• Leads Native Americans mestizos in armed
  movement
• 1811 insurrection is put down by Spanish army
• Hidalgo is captured and executed

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1813 Jose Maria Morelos (Catholic priest)
  declares independence takes over after Hidalgo
• Captures large portion of southern Mexico
• 1815 is ultimately defeated by the Spanish
  executed

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1821- full independence is granted after creoles
  declare independence
• Led by Augustin de Iturbide
• Made himself emperor
• Was deposed in 1823
• Mexico declares itself a republic in 1823
• Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras
  soon follow
• Mexico unique because of lack of immigrant
  population

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Latin America - Mexico

• 1876 Porfirio Diaz begins 35 year rule of
  Mexico (eliminated opposition, but encouraged
  economic growth)
• 1910 Middle class begins movement for election
  reform escalates into 10 year rebellion
  (Mexican Revolution)
• 1921 New constitution written limited foreign
  investment, restricted church ownership of
  property, education reform

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Latin America South America

• 1810 - Simon Bolivar (Creole from Venezuela)
  known as the liberator starts a revolt in
  northern South America
• Leads to independence of Venezuela, Colombia,
  Panama, Bolivia, Ecuador (was Gran Colombia)
• 1826 all of South America has been liberated by
  Bolivar

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Independence of Haiti

• Led mainly by Francois Toussaint-Louverture
• Early 1790s unrest from brutal rule of French
  leads to revolt

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Francois Toussaint-Louverture
Haitian Flag (white removed from French flag)
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Latin America - Brazil

• 1808 Napoleon invades Portugal King João
  royal family flee to Brazil (monarchy is
  transferred)
• João was a liberal ruler - brought reforms in
  education, military academies, art medicine
• Rio de Janeiro is made the capital
• Dom Pedro (son of João) rules after King returns
  to Portugal
• September 1822 won full independence and
  chooses constitutional monarchy as form of
  government
• Did not have to endure a prolonged, bloody
  revoution

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Latin American - Problems

• Geography hindered trade, commerce,
  transportation and economy
• Colonial heritage not ready for independence
• Rigid Social Order
• Peninsulares Europeans born in Spain
• Creoles colonial born white aristocrats
  (dominated society)
• Mestizos / Mulattos mixes of Europeans and
  Indians or slaves
• Indians / Descendants of slaves
• Slave uprising in Haiti eventually earns them
  independence (1790s)
• Catholicism dominated daily life

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