COLONIAL AMERICA

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COLONIAL AMERICA

• Unit IB
• AP U.S. History

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England

• Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a
  superior naval power
• Population increases
• Joint-stock companies develop
• Religious conflicts divide the nation
• Weak monarchs, civil wars, and revolutions

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English Colonies

• Charters
• Corporate Colony
• Granted a charter to stockholders
• Ex. Virginia
• Proprietary Colony
• Granted a charter to individual or group
• Ex. Maryland, Pennsylvania
• Royal Colony
• Under direct control of the monarch
• Ex. New Hampshire
• Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal
  colonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

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The First English Colonies

• First Attempt Roanoke in 1585
• First Permanent Jamestown, Virginia in 1607
• John Smith he that will not work shall not
  eat
• John Rolfe - tobacco

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Who is this?
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Oh yeahPocahontas
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Disneys John Smith
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Hollywoods John Smith
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This is John Smith.
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Pilgrims

• Separatists to Holland then head for Virginia
• Mayflower takes Separatists and others to
  Jamestown but weather complicates matters
• Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth
  (1620)

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The Mayflower (II)
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Look, a big rock.
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Wampanoag Dwelling
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Plymouth Colony
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Thirteen Colonies
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New England

• Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)
• John Winthrop and city upon a hill
• Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams
  (1636)
• Wall of separation
• Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638)
• Antinomianism
• Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut (1636-1637)
• Thomas Hooker
• New Hampshire (1679)

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New England and Religion

• Massachusetts under strict Puritanical lifestyle
• Religious toleration and dissent lead to Rhode
  Island
• Anne Hutchinson and Antinomianism
• Halfway Covenant
• Attempt to increase members
• Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)
• Cotton Mather
• Spectral evidence

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New England Politics

• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)
• First written constitution in America
• Relations with Natives
• New England Confederation (1643-1684)
• Defense alliance among Plymouth, Massachusetts,
  Connecticut, New Haven
• King Philips (Metacom) War (1675-1676)
• New England Confederation defeats Wampanoag
  alliance

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Middle Colonies

• Development
• New York
• New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664
• New Jersey (1702)
• Pennsylvania settled by Quakers
• Delaware (1702)
• Economics
• Develop wheat and corn farms
• Bread basket of the colonies
• Eventually into manufacturing and trade

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Pennsylvania

• William Penn (1681)
• Religious Society of Friends aka Quakers
• Holy Experiment
• Religious refuge
• Liberal political ideals
• Economic success
• Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties

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Southern Colonies

• Maryland (1634)
• Lord Baltimore
• Act of Toleration (1649)
• Virginia (1607)
• Carolinas (1663)
• North Carolina (1729)
• Tobacco
• South Carolina (1729)
• Rice and indigo
• Georgia (1732)
• James Oglethorpe

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Virginia

• Jamestown (1607)
• House of Burgesses in 1619
• First legislative assembly in the colonies
• Becomes royal colony in 1624
• Bacons Rebellion (1676)
• Inequities between large landowners and western
  farmers
• Nathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley
• Headright System
• 50 acres to each paying immigrant or plantation
  owner who paid for immigrant

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Georgia

• James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732
• Social experiment
• Defensive buffer to Spanish Florida
• Debtors colony

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Colonial Religion

• Diverse among colonies regarding strict adherence
  and religious toleration
• Protestant dominant
• Limited Anglican
• The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)
• Jonathan Edwards
• Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
• George Whitefield
• Evangelism

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Colonial Religion
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Colonial Politics

• Limited Self-Government
• Elected bicameral legislative assemblies
• Governors
• Local governments
• Voting
• Limited to adult male educated and/or property
  owners
• Freedom of Expression
• John Peter Zenger Case (1735)

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Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

• Established by King James II to consolidate
  colonies
• Administrative union of Massachusetts, New
  Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York,
  New Jersey
• Governor Edmund Andros
• Dissolution

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Colonial Society And Colonial Culture

• American Social Structure
• Wealthy landowners
• Merchants
• Small farmers
• Craftspeople
• Slaves
• Regional differences
• Opportunity
• Less dependent on heredity
• Gender Roles
• Men
• Patriarchal society, landowners, workers
• Women
• Submissive to men but respected, domestic
  responsibilities, limited to no political rights

• Becoming American
• Pragmatism
• Dominance of English culture
• Folkways
• Regional differences

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Colonial Culture - The Arts

• Architecture
• Early colonies centered around a church
• Urban structures typical of English structures
• Frontier log cabins
• Painting
• Portrait painters and landscapes
• Literature
• Newspapers
• Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction
  books
• Poor Richards Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

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Typical Colony Layout
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Colonial Culture - Education

• Limited to wealthy males females learned
  domestic chores
• Higher Education
• Most established for ministry/theological studies
• New England Colonies
• Education by mothers
• Towns with over 50 families required primary
  schools 100, grammar schools
• Middle Colonies
• Private and church education
• Southern Colonies
• Limited education due to agricultural lifestyle

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Settlement and Migration

• 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775
• Europeans and Africans along with a high birth
  rate
• Reasons religion economics political turmoil
• English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish,
  Irish, Dutch, Swedish ? OLD IMMIGRANTS
• Africans forced to America suffered
  discrimination and slave labor

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Colonial Slavery

• Indentured servitude
• Why Slaves?
• Increased wages in England
• Labor shortages lead to importing slaves
• Cheap labor
• Dependable work force
• Slave Rebellions and Reactions
• Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion (1739)
• New York Conspiracy (1741)
• Slave laws

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Slave Demographics
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Colonial Economics

• Mercantilism
• Colonies for the Mother Country
• Acts of Navigation
• Trade on English ships
• Imports pass English ports
• Exports to England
• Molasses Act (1733)
• Triangular Trade
• Middle Passage

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Colonial Economics

• Land was gold
• No established monetary system (gold and silver)
• Transportation
• Rivers and coasts
• Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal
  services
• New England
• Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing,
  trading
• Middle Colonies
• Wheat and corn fields manufacturing and trade
• Southern Colonies
• Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced
  labor

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PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT
VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia Company John Smith Tobacco
PLYMOUTH/ MASSACHUSETTS Religious refuge/ commercial 1620/ 1628 William Bradford/ Massachusetts Bay Company John Winthrop Grain, timber
NEW YORK commercial 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant (Duke of York) Furs, grain
NEW HAMPSHIRE commercial 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores
RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain
CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker Grain
PENNSYLVANIA Religious refuge 1681 William Penn - Quakers Grain
DELAWARE commercial 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/ William Penn Grain
MARYLAND Religious refuge 1634 Lord Baltimore - Catholics Tobacco
NORTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores
SOUTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Rice, indigo, naval stores
GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores
() - Becomes an English colony