BEGINNINGS OF THE CALIPHATE

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• BEGINNINGS OF THE CALIPHATE
• Muhammads death, 632
• A. Need for a successor no distinction
  between religious and
• political leadership
• caliph gt khalifa (successor)
• B. Muhajirun vs. Ansar
• (1) Khazraj want a separate caliph from
  the Ansar.
• (2) Abu Bakr (Muhajir / Quraysh) chosen
  first caliph (r. 632-634)
• Aisha m. Muhammad

SOUTH Ansar Medinese Yemeni non-Arab (or
non- Syrian Arab) Shicite
NORTH Muhajirun Quraysh Qaysi Arab Sunni
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C. Importance of community consensus
sunna (custom of the Prophet) ? Sunni II.
Wars of the Ridda ( apostasy), 632-33 A.
Arab tribes apostasize on Muhammads death.
B. Chain reaction of defeats spreads Islam
through peninsula. III. Theory and titulature
of the caliphate A. Bayca oath of
allegiance sworn to caliph by subjects B.
People of Loosing and Binding C.
Commander of the Faithful (Prince of the
Believers in Spuler) title taken
by Umar, 2nd caliph (r. 634-44)
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IV. The conquest state under Umar, 634-44
A. Conquests
BYZANTINE Greater Syria 630s Egypt 641-2 N.
Africa begun 643
SASANIAN Ctesiphon 636-7 Khurasan 651
Ctesiphon
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B. Garrison towns IRAQ Kufa, Basra
EGYPT Fustat SYRIA Damascus
Damascus
Kufa
Basra
Fustat
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• (1) Centralized military state
• (a) pensions from immovable booty
• (b) diwan military payroll
• Rank on diwan depends on time of
  conversion to Islam.
• (c) no garrison towns in KHURASAN
• (2) Standardized Islam
• UMAR (r. 634-44)
• standardized Friday prayer service
• hijri calendar
• collection of Quran
• hajj obligatory
• UTHMAN (r. 644-56)
• editing (redaction) of Quran

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• THE FIRST CIVIL WAR
  (FITNA)
• Murder of Uthman, 3rd caliph (r. 644-56)
• A. Supremacy of old Quraysh of the Inside
• Banu Umayya?UMAYYADS
• B. Continuing conquests
• (1) Khurasan
• (2) Took Cyprus from Byzantines, 655

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C. Alienated soldiers in garrison towns (1)
Umayyad military governors (2) Meccan
merchants (3) Soldiers had to stay in
garrison towns for life. D. 500 soldiers from
Fustat (Egypt) murder Uthman, 656. E. Ali is
chosen 4th caliph, but Uthmans supporters refuse
to recognize him. F. Should Ali have been
the 1st caliph? Ghadir Khumm (Pool of Khum
in Peters) incident, 632 problematic term
mawla
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II. The Battle of the Camel, 656
JUSTICE FOR UTHMAN H.Q. BASRA Members Aisha
(Prophets favorite wife/daughter of Abu
Bakr) Talha Zubayr Position Uthman had been
unjustly murdered. Ali had unjustly not
brought murderers to justice.
SUPPORTERS OF ALI H.Q. KUFA Members Ali Mut
ineers Position Uthman had been justly
killed.
Result Aisha is defeated and sent back to
Medina.
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III. The Battle of Siffin, 657 Mucawiya,
gov. of Damascus (member of Banu Umayya),
vs. Ali A. Mucawiyas soldiers place
Quran pages on spears, force
ARBITRATION.
Siffin
Damascus
Kufa
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B. KHARIJITES (1) Mutiny against Ali for
accepting arbitration. (2) Develop their own
theory of the caliphate/imamate Any
absolutely just male can be Imam. (3)
Establish small settlements in S. Iraq and E.
Arabian peninsula?guerrilla attacks on
Umayyads (4) Appeal to BERBERS in N. Africa
C. Results of arbitration at Siffin (1)
Uthmans murder ruled unjust (2) Mucawiya
builds claim to caliphate. (3) Ali murdered
by Kharijite, 661. (4) Mucawiya pensions off
Hasan ibn Ali (d. 669).
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IV. Origins of Shicism A. Divisions after
the 1st fitna (1) Arabs of Syria
(pro-Mucawiya) vs. Arabs of Iraq (pro-Ali)
(2) Quraysh / Umayyads vs. party of Ali (
shicat Ali) (3) Shicite ahl al-bayt
(People of the House in Peters)
descendants of Ali and wife Fatima bint
Muhammad B. Second fitna and martyrdom of
Husayn, 680 (1) Mucawiya moves
capital to Damascus, relies on Syrian Arab
troops. Mucawiya
Ali
vs.
Yazid Hasan
Husayn (2) Old guard
at Medina urge Husayn to raise revolt at Kufa.

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(3) Husayn and his party are massacred at KARBALA
on 10th of Muharram (Ashura).
Damascus
Karbala
Kufa
Medina
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tomb/shrine of Husayn in Karbala, Iraq