Islam-Submission to Allah

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Chapter 14
The Expansive Realm of Islam
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Muhammad and His Message

• Born 570 to merchant family in Mecca
• Orphaned as a child
• Marries wealthy widow c. 595, works as merchant
• Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and
  Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula

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Muhammads Spiritual Transformation

• Visions c. 610 CE
• Archangel Gabriel
• Monotheism Allah
• Attracts followers to Mecca

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The Judeo-Christian Foundations of Islam
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Islam?An Abrahamic Religion

• Muslims are strict monotheists.
• They believe in the Judeo- Christian God,
  which they call Allah.
• Muslims believe that the Torah and the Bible,
  like the Quran, are the word of God.

DhimmiPeoples of the Book
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Abrahams Genealogy
ABRAHAM
SARAH
HAGAR
Isaac
Ishmael
12 Arabian Tribes
Esau
Jacob
12 Tribes of Israel
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The Prophetic Tradition (25 In All)
Adam
Noah
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
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The Quran

• Record of revelations received during visions
• Committed to writing c. 650 CE (Muhammad dies
  632)
• Tradition of Muhammads life hadith

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The Quran

• Muslims believe it contains the word of God.
• 114 suras (chapters).
• In the name of Allah, the compassionate,
  the merciful.
• Written in Arabic.

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Conflict at Mecca

• Muhammads monotheistic teachings offensive to
  polytheistic pagans
• Economic threat to existing religious industry
• Denunciation of greed affront to local aristocracy

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The Hijra

• Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 CE
• Year 0 in Muslim calendar
• Organizes followers into communal society (the
  umma)
• Legal, spiritual code
• Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of
  umma

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Muhammads Return to Mecca

• Attack on Mecca, 630
• Conversion of Mecca to Islam
• Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques
• Kaaba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca
• Approved as pilgrimage site
• Covered in kiswah (robe) annually

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The Kaaba
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The Five Pillars of Islam
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1. The Shahada

• The testimony.
• The declaration of faith

There is no god worthy of worship except God,
andMuhammad is HisMessenger or Prophet.
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2. The Salat

• The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a
  day dawn noon late
  afternoon sunset before going
  to bed
• Wash before praying.
• Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

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2. The Salat

• The call to prayer by the muezzin in the
  minaret.
• Pray in the mosque on Friday.

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3. The Zakat

• Alms giving (charitable donations).
• Muslims believe that all things belong to
  God.
• Zakat means both purification and growth.
• About 2.5 of your income.

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4. The Sawm

• Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.
• Considered a method of self- purification.
• No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset
  during Ramadan.

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5. The Hajj

• The pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Must be done at least once in a Muslims
  lifetime.
• 2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage
  every year.

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5. The Hajj

• Those who complete the pilgrimage can add
  the title hajji to their name.

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Jihad

• struggle
• Against vice
• Against ignorance of Islam
• holy war
• Against unbelievers who threaten Islam

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The Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem
Mount Moriah Rockwhere Muhammad ascended into
heaven.
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Islamic Law The Sharia

• Codification of Islamic law
• Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of
  analysis
• Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human
  activity

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Other Islamic Religious Practices

• Up to four wives allowed at once.
• No alcohol or pork.
• No gambling.
• Three holiest cities in Islam Mecca,
  Medina, Jerusalem.

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The Caliph

• No clear to successor to Muhammad identified
• Abu Bakr chosen to lead as Caliph
• Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam
  after death of Muhammad

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The Spread of Islam

• Easy to learn and practice.
• No priesthood.
• Teaches equality.
• Dhimmi, who were Peoples of the Book, were
  allowed religious freedom, but paid additional
  taxes.
• Easily portable ? nomads trade routes.
• Jihad (Holy War) against pagans and other
  non-believers (infidels).

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The Spread of Islam

• Great warriors with a strong cavalry.
• Byzantines and Persians weak from fighting each
  other.
• Unity in Islam, strengthened by the Sharia,
  coupled with fair treatment of conquered people,
  was inviting to many in defeated empires who
  desired more freedom and cohesiveness.
• Difficulties governing rapidly expanding
  territory

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• The Expansion of Islam, 632 733 CE

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Muslims in the WorldToday
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Countries with the Largest Muslim Population
1. Indonesia 183,000,000 6. Iran 62,000,000
2. Pakistan 134,000,000 7. Egypt 59,000,000
3. India 121,000,000 8. Nigeria 53,000,000
4. Bangladesh 114,000,000 9. Algeria 31,000,000
5. Turkey 66,000,000 10. Morocco 29,000,000
Arabs make up only 20 of the total Muslim
population of the world.
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Successors To The Prophet

• After the death of Muhammad, the caliph, or
  successor to the prophet was chosen. Abu Bakr was
  nominated as the first caliph.
• Abu Bakr would lead the first caliphate, known as
  the Rashidun or Patriarchal Caliphate.
• The choice of Abu Bakr caused significant dispute
  as many believed that Muhammad had chosen Ali ibn
  Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad
  to succeed him.
• Abu Served as caliph 656-661 CE, then
  assassinated along with most of his followers

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Successors To The Prophet

• Abu Bakr was followed by three more caliphs, the
  last of which was Ali ibn Abi Talib. It is with
  his succession that a division in Islam became
  more defined.
• Sunni Muslims believe that Ali was the fourth
  caliph, a position chosen based on ability to
  lead. The Shia (Shiites) believe that Ali is
  the first Imam, and that only blood descendants
  of Muhammad can lead the Muslim people.

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Major Muslim Empires

• Rashidun Caliphate (622-661)
• Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) -
• Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba in Islamic Spain
  (929-1031)
• Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258) -
• Fatimid Caliphate (910-1171)
• Mamluk Caliphate (1250-1517)
• The Ottoman Caliphate (1517-1924)

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Shiite Pilgrims at Karbala
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The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)

• From Meccan merchant class
• Brought stability to the Islamic community
• Capital Damascus, Syria
• Associated with Arab military aristocracy

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Policy toward Conquered Peoples

• Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes
  discontent
• Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
• Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims
• Encouraged Ummayads not to convert people (Mawali
  converted muslim)
• Mawali blocked from imp. Positions in the army
  or govt
• Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline
  in moral authority

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Family and Gender Roles

• Both genders were equal before Allah
• Initially the religion improved womens status
• Female infanticide outlawed
• Adultery for both partners denounced
• Struggle between tradition of secluding women vs.
  teachings of Muhammad

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The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE)

• Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia,
  non-Arab Muslims
• Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia
• Defeats Umayyad army in 750
• Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them
• Sets up Persian style govt, Baghdad

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Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty

• Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not
  exclusively Arab) Mawali treated better
• Because of Shia alliance at the beginning, it
  was believed the Abbasids might close the gap
  between Sunni/Shia
• Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial
  expansion
• Content to administer the empire inherited
• Growth through military activity of autonomous
  Islamic forces
• Position of Wazir, Chief Administrator, and Royal
  Executioner symbolized new rule

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Abbasid Administration

• Persian influence
• Court at Baghdad
• Influence of Islamic scholars
• Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on
  the Quran and sharia

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Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786-809 CE)

• High point of Abbasid dynasty
• Baghdad center of commerce
• Great cultural activity

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Abbasid Decline

• Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid
• Provincial governors assert regional independence
• Dissenting sects, heretical movements
• Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian
  nobility
• Later, Saljuk Turks influence, Sultan real power
  behind the throne

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Economy of the Early Islamic World

• Spread of food and industrial crops
• Trade routes from India to Spain
• Western diet adapts to wide variety
• New crops adapted to different growing seasons
• Agricultural sciences develop
• Cotton, paper industries develop
• Major cities emerge

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Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone

• Historical precedent of Arabic trade
• Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes
• ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10th
  century
• Camel caravans
• Maritime trade

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Banking and Trade

• Scale of trade causes banks to develop
• Sakk (check)
• Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al-Islam
  promotes trade
• Joint ventures common

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Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain)

• Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take
  Spain, early 8th c.
• Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid
  dynasty
• Formed own caliphate
• Tensions, but interrelationship

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Changing Status of Women

• Quran improves status of women
• Outlawed female infanticide
• Brides, not husbands, claim dowries
• Yet male dominance preserved
• Patrilineal descent
• Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden
• Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

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Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition

• Islamic values
• Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam
• Establishment of madrasas
• Importance of the Hajj
• Sufi missionaries
• Asceticism, mysticism
• Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians
• Wide popularity

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Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)

• Major Sufi thinker from Persia
• Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of
  Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead

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Cultural influences on Islam

• Persia
• Administration and governance
• literature
• India
• Mathematics, science, medicine
• Hindi numbers
• Greece
• Philosophy, esp. Aristotle
• Ibn Rushd/Averroes (1126-1198)

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Islam in America
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Muslims in America
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Muslim Culture in NYC
The Islamic Center, New York City
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Islams Golden Age

• Islams golden age peaked under the Abbasids,
  during which Muslims absorbed the customs and
  traditions of the many diverse people they ruled.
  
• The emphasis on learning, which was taught by
  Muhammad, was reinforced by a flourishing economy
  based on trade.

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Art Architecture

• Mosques Palaces
• Byzantine domes and arches
• Abstract geometric patterns
• Calligraphy
• Often verses from the Quran
• Drawings Paintings

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Literature Philosophy

• Poetry
• Much based upon themes of the Quran
• Preservation of Greco-Roman scholars
• Tales
• Most famous is The Thousand and One Nights
• Philosophy

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Mathematics Science

• Algebra
• Based upon Indian Greek advancements, the
  Muslims pioneered algebra
• Astronomy
• Observed the Earths rotation
• Calculated the circumference of the earth within
  a few thousand feet
• Medicine
• Doctors had to pass rigorous tests
• Hospitals set up
• Studied diseases and wrote medical encyclopedias
  that became standard texts in Europe

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Economics

• Agriculture
• Trade
• Cultural diffusion
• Partnerships, credit, banks
• Manufacturing
• Guilds regulated prices, weights measurements
• Specialized in steel, leather carpets