THE MONGOLS AND THE END OF THE CALIPHATE

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• THE MONGOLS AND THE END OF THE
  CALIPHATE
• Weakening of Seljuks from late 11th century
• A. Turkic dynastic principle that authority
  resides in ruling
• family?no strong dynasty
• B. Influence of ATABEGs (lit., father of
  the beg/bey)
• tutor to crown prince when prince goes
  to govern
• province If prince dies before
  adulthood, atabeg can marry
• his mother and govern province?Seljuk
  domain breaks up
• into autonomous regional dynasties.
• C. SALAH AL-DIN (SALADIN), client of
  Seljuk atabeg who
• ruled N. Iraq and Syria

Baghdad
Cairo
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D. Fragmented Seljuk empire cant defend
against continuing Turkic migrations
from C. Asia. II. Last hurrah of Abbasid caliphs
the caliph al-Nasir (r. 1180-1225)
A. Used palace troops to displace Seljuks in C.
Iraq B. Sought religious legitimacy by
patronizing sufi orders
13th-century Abbasid
madrasa, Baghdad
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III. MONGOLS were a quasi-Turkic nomadic
population from Mongolia, begin to expand
late 12th c. because of
OVERPOPULATION.
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• TEMÜJIN (1162-1227) creates Mongol confederation
  under rule
• of his clan.
• B. Receives title CHINGGIS (GENGHIS) KHAN
  Supreme Ruler
• C. His armies sweep
  across C. Asia and into N. China.

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THE FAMILY OF GENGHIS
KHAN
GENGHIS (1162-1227) Jochi Ögödei
Chagatai Tuluy ?
Great Khan C. ASIA GOLDEN HORDE
Möngke Khubilai
Hulagu (RUSSIA) Great Khan CHINA
IRAN/IRAQ
?
?
Yuan dynasty Ilkhanids
1270-1368
c. 1260-1349
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Jochi (son)
Chagatai (son)
Khubilai (grandson)
Hulagu (grandson)
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D. Nature of Mongol invasions armies (hordes)
are accompanied by entire population. E.
Yurts Mongol mobile homes F. Mongol
blitzkriegs and devastation
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IV. Hulagus invasion of Iran and Iraq A.
Raids and advances?all-out assaults on population
centers B. Anti-Nizari (Assassin)
rationale (1) Chief qadi of Baghdad
complains to Mongol Great Khan. (2)
Mongols destroy Alamut, 1256.
Hasani, Im frightened!
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C. Great Seljuks of Iran and Iraq are
destroyed. D. Seljuk offshoot in Anatolia (cap.
Konya) capitulates and survives as Mongol
vassal till 1307.
Konya
Jalal al-Din Rumis tomb, Konya
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• The sack of Baghdad, 1258
• (1) Conspiracy theory Caliph betrayed by
  Shicites
• (2) Caliphs army of 700 vs. Hulagus army
  of 200,000
• (3) Abbasid royal family murdered

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V. Mongol epilogue A. Hulagus descendants
found Ilkhanid dynasty (capital
Tabriz, NW Iran) B. Ilkhanid ruler converts
to Sunni Islam, late 13th c. C. Ilkhanids
adopt Persian court culture.
tomb of Ilkhanid ruler Oljeytu (late 13th c.),
Sulaymaniye, Iran
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pages from the Shahname prepared
at the Ilkhanid court in Tabriz, c. 1308
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VI. Caliphal epilogue A. Abbasid prince
escapes Mongol sack of Baghdad, flees to
CAIRO. B. Recognized and treated as
shadow-caliph by MAMLUK SULTANS,
former mamluks of Saladins dynasty who take
over govt. in 1250 and stop Mongols in
Syria in 1260.
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C. When Ottomans conquer Mamluk sultanate in
1517, they take Abbasid family members to
Istanbul, eventually let them return to
Cairo. D. Ottoman sultan recognized as Sunni
caliph by 18th c. E. Ottoman caliphate abolished
by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (founder of modern
Turkey), 1924.
Atatürk