Titre de votre prsentation

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PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO DRIVER DISTRACTION
THEORY, EFFECTS AND MITIGATION Michael Regan,
PhD Adjunct Professor Research Director French
National Institute for Transport and Safety
Research (INRETS)
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PART 1 Introduction to Driver Distraction
Theory, Effects and Mitigation Michael Regan,
PhD Adjunct Professor Senior Research
Fellow Monash University Accident Research
Centre (MUARC)
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Lyon, France

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Acknowledgements

• Dr Angus McIntosh
• Professor Rod McClure
• NRMA-ACT Road Safety Trust
• Mr Eddie Wheeler
• Taylor and Francis Publishing
• Company (CRC Press)
• Monash University Accident
• Research Centre (MUARC)
• French National Institute for
• Transport and Safety Research
• (INRETS)
• General Motors Holden
• US National Highway Traffic Safety
• Administration (NHTSA)
• Co-editors John Lee/Kristie Young
• .and you!

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Overview

• Introduction to the book
• Effects of distraction on driving, crashes and
  crash risk
• Prevention and mitigation strategies

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CU1

• See you at one oclock this afternoon...

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Driver Distraction Theory, Effects and
Mitigation

• Definition
• The diversion of attention away from activities
  critical for safe driving, toward a competing
  activity.
• Regan, Lee and Young (2008)

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Attention Can Be Diverted by

• things we see
• things we hear
• things we smell
• things we feel
• things we taste
• things we daydream
• about

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The impact of distraction depends on

• driving demands
• nature and demands of
• competing task
• driver characteristics
• driver state
• exposure
• where and when
• vehicle/road distraction
• tolerance

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Sources of Distraction Inside and Outside
Vehicle

• 70 - inside vehicle
• 30 - outside vehicle
• 20 - involve driver interaction with technology

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Sources of Distraction Categories and
Avoidability

• Things brought into vehicle - 92
• Vehicle systems - 67
• Vehicle occupants - 33
• Moving object in vehicle - 50
• Internalized activity - 56
• External objects, events,
• and activities - 31

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Some Features of Distraction

• intentional or involuntary
• biologically advantageous
• often can be controlled by
• drivers
• includes some driving
• tasks

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The Status Quo

• few prevention and mitigation programs
• evaluation data almost non-existent
• what about distracted walking? Distracted
  riding?

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Key Stakeholders

• road users
• vehicle manufacturers
• road safety authorities
• Police
• the media
• motoring clubs
• equipment manufacturers/suppliers
• standards organisations
• driver trainers
• academics
• researchers
• etc

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Contributions of the book

• brings together a large volume of accumulated
  knowledge
• furthers the understanding of distraction, its
  mechanisms, its measurement and its impact
• provides comprehensive options for prevention
  and mitigation

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Content

• definition of distraction
• theory of distraction
• taxonomy of sources
• measurement methods
• impact of distraction on crashes and
• risk
• mediating factors
• guidelines and standards
• practical prevention and mitigation
• strategies

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PART 3 PREVENTING AND MITIGATING THE EFFECTS
OF DISTRACTION Michael Regan, PhD
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History

• early days for countermeasure
• for distraction
• but not surprising
• effectiveness data is scarce
• the book presents options not
• prescriptions for
• countermeasure development

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A government perspective

• distraction is a serious problem
• distraction exists now and will exist in the
  future
• distraction must be taken into account for all
  systems, products and services
• distraction should both be reduced, as well as
  prepared for, in a safe system approach to
  distraction management
• understand possible negative behavioural
  adaption arising from driver interaction with
  distraction mitigation technology
• (ClaesTingvall in Regan, Lee and Young, 2008,
  Chapter 33)

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Prevention and mitigation options

• data collection
• legislation and enforcement
• vehicle fleet management
• driver licensing
• education and training
• vehicle design
• technology design
• road design

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Data collection

• need a common definition of distraction
• need taxonomy for classifying sources of
  distraction
• improve processes for collecting and analyzing
  distraction-related data
• expand data collection to other road users

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Publicity

• Driving public has little understanding of
• high risk distractions
• relative risks
• impact of distraction on performance and safety
• moderating factors
• coping strategies
• existing and revised penalties
• Perception that the risk of being apprehended for
  violating distraction laws is low

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Education Training

• well-designed and evaluated training programs
  work
• distraction largely neglected in driver education
  and training programs
• the number of distractionrelated initiatives is
  limited
• used Goals for Driver Education (GDE) matrix as
  framework for defining 60 distraction-related
  competencies

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Education Training

• Cell 3 (Vehicle Maneuvering Self Evaluation) -
  This cell pertains to awareness and
  self-evaluation of personal strengths and
  weaknesses in relation to driving skills,
  maneuvering in hazardous situations, and so on.
• make drivers reflect on their own strengths and
  weaknesses in their ability to limit distraction
  when using vehicle systems, design features and
  functions
• expose drivers, in a safe environment, to
  distractions deriving from inappropriate
  operation of vehicle systems, design features and
  functions within vehicles they drive to enable
  them to reflect and become self-aware of the
  impact of these distractions on their driving
  performance
• to support feedback control by making drivers
  self-aware of the effects of distraction deriving
  from inappropriate operation of vehicle systems,
  design features and functions which have no overt
  impact on performance in normal conditions (e.g.,
  cognitive distraction when talking on a mobile
  phone) but which have potential to compromise
  performance and safety in safety-critical
  situations (e.g., when a pedestrian unexpectedly
  steps out from behind a parked car).

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Legislation

• Good distraction laws
• data-driven
• no loop-holes
• justifiable on road safety grounds
• enforceable, and place minimal burden on Police
  in observing and documenting behaviour
• keep pace with technological developments
• regularly evaluated and refined
• recognize that drivers are in some situations
  biologically and socially primed to be distracted
  
• have full support of judges and prosecutors

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Employers

• Can influence driving behaviour at all levels of
  control
• at the strategic level
• at the tactical level
• at the operational level

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Driver licensing

• licensing handbooks
• knowledge tests
• practical driving tests
• graduated licensing

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Vehicle Cockpit Design

• can prevent and mitigate distraction in design
  phase and during driving (ie in real time)
• book adresses in-built systems, technologies
  brought into vehicles, and retrofitted systems

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Road Design

• animals
• architecture
• billboards
• construction zones/equipment
• crash scenes
• incidents
• insects
• landmarks
• road signs
• other road users
• scenery
• vehicles
• weather phenomena

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Conclusions

• distraction a significant problem
• will never be eradicated
• will get bigger without action
• impact mediated by many factors
• must stop blaming the driver
• we can do much more
• drivers not the only ones distracted
• not all distraction is bad distraction

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To order the book

• see promotional flyers
• Google the title of the book to find
  distribution outlets

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• michael.regan_at_inrets.fr