Industrial Revolution

1
Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 9

2
Industrial Revolution

• A major change in the methods of production by
  using machines
• Began in England in mid 1700s
• Prior to the mid 1700s most goods were produced
  by hand, but majority of people were farmers
• Major changes in agriculture (Agr. Rev.) that
  will spur the foundations for the Ind. Rev.

3
Industrial Revolution

• Farmers of Gr. Britain started enclosure
  movement fencing off large pastures
• Effects of enclosure movement 1st large tracts
  of land added with new farm tools and techniques
  enabled farmers to produce more 2nd effect
  forcing out of the small farmers who were often
  forced to move to cities for work

4
Industrial Revolution

• As food supplies increased and living conditions
  improved, Englands population mushroomed.
• Side effect of thisovercrowded cities and
  increase of the slums

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Why did I.R. begin in England?

• Large population of potential workers
• Abundance of natural resources (water, coal, iron
  ore, rivers and harbors)
• Expanding economy to support industrialization
• Political stability

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Factors of Production

• Britain had all the necessary factors of
  production (resources needed to produce goods and
  services)
• 1. Land 5. Govt Support
• 2. Labor
• 3. Capital
• 4. Management

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Industrial Revolution

• Mechanization introduction of machines
• Domestic SystemAKA Cottage Industry refers to
  goods produced by hands in the home
• 1st to be mechanized textile industry machines
  were quite large, the home could not handle these
  large machines
• Factory System emerged goods produced by
  machines in a factory

8
Industrial Revolution

• By the 1800s there was an explosion of
  inventions/innovations
• Invention something new
• Innovation an advanced version or improvement

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Innovations

• Henry Bessemer and James KellyBessemer Process
• Cheaper process for making stronger steel

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• James Hargreaves
• Spinning Jenny

11

• James Watt
• modern steam engine

12

• Charles Goodyearvulcanized rubber

13

• Robert Fulton
• steamboat

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• Samuel Morse
• telegraph

15

• Eli Whitney
• Interchangeable parts and Cotton Gin

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• Cyrus McCormick
• Reaper

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• Alexander Graham Bell
• Telephone

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• Guglielmo Marconi
• Wireless telegraph (ship to shore communication)

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• Michael Faraday
• Electricity/electric generator

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• Thomas Edison
• Light bulb (2 days)

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• Wright Brothers
• First sustained flight (12 seconds) 120 feet
  Kitty Hawk, NC 1903

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• Henry Ford
• Assembly Line
• The assembly line radically changed production by
  speeding up the process
• Each worker was given a specific taskdivision of
  labor

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What would speed up the assembly process?

• Mass production large amounts of identical
  products to be produced in a short period of
  timelower price
• When assembly line applied to automobile
  production in early 1900s it drastically lowered
  pricethis will enable many people to own a car
  and society was forever changed!

24
Medicine and Science

• Louis Pasteur
• Discovered process of bacteria reproduction
• Developed pasteurization which heated liquids to
  kill bacteria and prevent fermentation

25
Medicine and Science

• Edward Jenner
• Principle of inoculation/vaccination
• Smallpox!!!

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Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution

• IR caused large shift in population from rural to
  urban
• Urbanization movement of people to the cities

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Social Effects cont

• Growth of population caused overcrowding living
  areas
• These slum apartments were called tenements
• Living Conditions
• No building codes, no sanitary codes, no police
• 6-12 people in one bedroom apartment (fleas,
  fires, etc.)

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Social Effects cont

• Life Span17 yrs working class38 yrs rural
• 14 hrs/day 6 days a week avg work week
• Dangerous working conditions
• Coal mines were most dangerous (used women and
  children and avg life span was 10 yrs less)

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Social Effects cont

• Noticeable distinctions against the middle class
  (merchants and factory owners)
• Suburbs, different clothing, hired help
• Education for their children

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Positive Effects of IR

• Created jobs and wealth
• Progress
• Raised the standards of living (healthier diets,
  better housing, cheaper clothing)

31
Economic Systems

• As the gap btwn the wealthy and the poor widened
  there were several critics of the economic
  systems and political systems that fostered these
  conditions

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Capitalism

• Economic system in which the private individuals
  invest money in business ventures in hopes of
  making a profit
• Democratic governments offer
• Free enterprise (the right of people to own a
  business for profit)
• Laissez-faire (non-interference)

33
CapitalismAdam Smith

• Adam Smith supported the free markets of
  capitalism because he said the economy and cycles
  of business naturally regulate itself with two
  laws
• 1. Law of supply and demand (regulate price)
• 2. Law of competition (regulate quality)

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Capitalism

• Biggest Complaint
• Workers do all of the work (exploitation)
• Owners receive the profit
• Smiths Support
• Everyone has the ability to succeed

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Socialism

• Economic system where individuals have the right
  to control the factors of production but the
  government owns the major industries for the
  welfare of all
• Some free enterprise
• Also driven by concept of utilitarianism
• Government actions are useful only if they
  promote the greatest good for the greatest number
  of people
• Some invention

36
Communism

• A radical form of socialism introduced by Karl
  Marx (father of modern communism)
• Economic/Political system where the government
  has total control over the economyall government
  planning (command economy)

37
Communism cont

• Marx argued that there would be a struggle btwn
  the bourgeoisie (employers) and the proletariat
  (workers)
• Eventually the workers would take over and share
  the wealthno need for government (pure
  communism)

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Economic Systems cont

• Capitalism never collapsed mainly due to the
  reform movement
• Growth of unions (workers join together in
  voluntary associations to bargain for better
  working conditions)
• Unions would engage in collective bargaining
  (negotiation process)
• Strikesrefusal to work

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Reform Laws

• Factory Act no children under 9
• 9-12 years old 8 hour workday
• 13-17 years old 12 hour workday
• Mines Act no women and children underground
• Ten Hours Act women and children in factories
  ten hour workday
• In the US National Child Labor Committee to end
  child labor