PIA 2501

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PIA 2501

• WEEK FIVE

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Presentation One

• THE AFRICAN GROUP

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Development Planning An Overview- Four Themes

• Planning Defined
• Planning Goals
• Anti-Planning
• Structural Adjustment and Projects

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Development Planning

• Prologue The European and Colonial Origins of
  Planning
• Soviet Union--New Economic Period in the 1920s
  and the use of the five-year plan
• British India--1930s. National planning and
  industrialization
• Britain in the 1950s--Labour Party flirts with
  plans
• Eastern vs. Western Europe after WWII
• Two varieties Command vs. Keynesianism

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Definitions of Development Planning

• Planning is the application of rational ordered
  choice to social and economic affairs.

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Definitions of Development Planning

• Development planners and development
  administrators are action-oriented and
  goal-oriented civil servants striving to promote
  economic and social development
• Development planning is the setting of priorities
  for the use of scarce resources

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Goals of Development Planning

• Foster economic growth
• Strengthen human and organizational capacities
• Plan and develop physical infrastructure (roads,
  dams, railways, buildings, etc.)
• Promotion of greater equality in distribution of
  opportunities

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Goals of Development Planning, cont.

• Provide framework for wider participation in the
  economic system
• Support social capital development in the form of
  stronger families, communities, interest
  associations and grass-root institutions

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Development Planning as a Process

• Goal is to change societal behavior
• At the center original goal planning the
  National Plan
• monitoring and managing the economy
• includes setting targets and achievement of goals
• In regions and districts, planner has a
  coordination responsibility that includes in some
  cases social mobilization

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Development Planning and Organization

• At the center, overall goals are set through
  National Plan (the wish list) and through
  monitoring and managing the economy
• planners set targets and measure goals
• Key emphasis placed on local government
  authorities, extension services, and district
  administrations for service delivery

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Development Planning

• At regional and local level, goals are regional
  planning, coordination and mobilization
• Overall--government agents or their contractors
  act as change agents, and provide stimulus to
  society

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PLANNING AND SOCIETY
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Development Planning as Socialization

• Planning includes secondary and tertiary
  socialization, but not primary socialization
• PrimaryFamily before school
• Secondary--Primary and Secondary Education
• Tertiary--Adult (including Higher education and
  On the Job)
• Problem Social Engineering

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Development Planning Overall

• Classical Assumption
• Role of the government agent is
• ACT AS A CHANGE AGENT and provide necessary
  stimulation to society to ensure change

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Development Planning Assumptions

• Development Planning as a Concept
• State will continue to serve as engine of
  development
• Goal will be to change society, economy and
  political structures

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Assumptions

• Assumed that development occurs because of
  planned change
• Originally, Keynesian planners saw state taking a
  major role in providing leadership to improve
  standards of living in LDCs

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Development Planning Assumptions

• Development Planning accepts premises of
  Development Administration
• State bureaucracy should take major role in
  social mobilization, economic transformation and
  increases in productivity define policy goals
  for society
• Rejected by some advocates of Development
  Management

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Political Assumptions

• Assumes political and administrative leadership
  have made the decision to effect changes in the
  system
• This is a meeting point of both
  counter-dependency strategy and modernization
• Need to strengthen administrative capacity in
  development economics and planning area

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Administrative Assumptions

• Depends upon administrative capacity
• Institutional arrangements for planning, planning
  agencies, management systems and processes that
  are innovative

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Social Assumptions

• Assumes that there can be state managed social
  mobilization
• Basic premise planning is setting of priorities
  for use of scarce resources through use of
  rational rather than political processes

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Implementation

• Major responsibility for development lies with
  Planning official at the national and local level
• Development change occurs because of planned
  action
• Assumes Political and administrative leadership
  have made decision to effect improvement in the
  social system

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DEVELOPMENT PLANNING

• Problems

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Bad Planning Discovered

• From Program to Project Planning
• Ethiopia- Mengistu Haile Mariam declares a
  Leninist state in 1983
• 13 million face starvation in Horn of Africa
• "We are the World" leads to Donor Fatigue

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Bad Planning Discovered

• Illness and death of Brezhnev in Soviet Union
• The Change Russia and Structural Adjustment
• Planning- The Ivory Tower problem
• Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher at height of
  their power

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End of assumption- Progress is inevitable

• 1983- Robert MacNamara resigns from World Bank-
  New and Different Demands
• Institutions and basic needs abandoned
• Export Economies--Minerals, agricultural
  commodities and livestock
• Orthodoxy Overseas capital investment
• Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and control
  of trade and commerce
• Local soft political institutions, weak private
  sectors

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Change the Counter-Orthodoxy

• The Realities 1980s Focus on anti-Marxist,
  growth regimes
• Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa
• Politics not important

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Contemporary Themes of Development-Review

• Except for the Newly Industrializing Countries
  (NICs), the failure of Development Management as
  a method
• Question does failure occur as a result of
  state collapse? (Goran Hyden)
• What is the future of Development Planning

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The Problem Bad Planning and Foreign Aid

• 1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development
  theories
• 2. Development Institutes were largely
  irrelevant as training centers--donors used
  overseas training

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The Problem

• 3. Development administration did little to deal
  with issues of population control, food
  production and rural development
• 4. Foreign aid little more than a front for
  foreign policy

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Anti-Planning Neo-Orthodoxy

• Issue of soft-state and inability of state to
  impose its will on society
• Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization
• No development management, development programs
  are bad
• Cant make planning better

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Structural Reforms

• The Change Overemphasized the Anti-State theme
• Result
• Since 1985, privatization, public sector reform
  and structural adjustment
• New Theories
• Neo-orthodoxy based upon Public and Social
  (Rational Choice) ideas
• What was Developmental in the 1990s?

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To what extent is the state planning approach
possible?

• Bureaucratic, administrative and political
  constraints constitute a major limitation
• Development strategies often parallel but ignore
  political realities
• Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country
  of less than a million people
• Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development

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To what extent is the state planning approach
necessary?

• Mandated by technical assistance
• Expanded government meant specialized planning
  organizations and the rise of development
  economics as a discipline
• The issue of grass roots participation was raised
• There was rhetoric of a command economy as
  opposed to a market economy with two extremes and
  the soft state in-between

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Limitations of Planning

• To what extent is the state planning approach
  possible?
• Issue of growth vs. distribution
• Issue of planning vs. ways in which budget
  priorities are set
• Debate about the coordination of planning
  voluntary vs. hierarchical authority

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Failures of Planning

• A Problem The limits on political compromise and
  local level autonomy
• Failure of Development and the limits of the
  econometric model
• Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and
  administrative capacity
• Planning was a shopping list

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Planning Bad- 1990

• The Change
• International conflict shifts from East-West
  rivalry and cold war to ethnic, regional and
  internal conflicts culminating in September 11.
• Cambodia, Nicaragua
• Transitional conflicts in Angola, Mozambique
• CIS and Central Europe become part of development
  portfolio
• Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, Kosovo, Iraq
• Perception of Development Problems

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Contemporary Themes of Development

• Problem of government as a negative a state
  centric vs. society centric view
• How does that translate into public private
  partnerships? (Robert Bates, Eleanor Ostrom)
• Issue of "implementation," the neglected
  component of development policy (Pressman)

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Contemporary Themes of Development

• Institution building is a pre-requisite
• Development Policy is environmentally bound
• Importance of micro-macro linkages (Kathleen
  Staudt)

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Change the Counter-Orthodoxy

• Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors
• Good example Land reform and bureaucracies
• A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the
  bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process

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The Middle View

• The Moderate Interpretation of Development
  Administration Failures
• Goal
• Balance Public-Private Partnerships-

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The New Orthodoxy

• The PROJECT as an operational concept
• The Problems of Development Management
• Project management means loss of control over
  programs and policy
• Project Characteristics
• -Discrete tasks
• -Time Bound
• -fixed amount of money

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Focus Next Week The Project Cycle
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Level of Analysis Issue Planning

• Public Policy
• Overall decisions to take action
• Programs
• Ongoing areas of activity within a policy area, a
  nucleus to carry out program
• Projects
• Discrete time-bound, often sector or spatially
  based activity

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Discussion

• In Our Image
• Is assimilation the answer?
• In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East
  / Africa?
• Progress? (Joyce Cary)
• Is progress the answer?
• Violence? (Fuentes and Singh)
• Is development the answer?

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The Problems of Development Management
Discussion

• Quote of the Week
• "The Human Condition being what it was, let them
  fight, let them love, let them murder, I would
  not be involved."
•  Graham Greene

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Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

• Themes
• The US Mission
• The Third Force
• The Advantage of the Revolutionaries
• The French View?

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Graham GreeneThe Quiet American

• Characters
• The American and the Americans theory of
  development
• The British Journalist--Engage?
• The Vietnamese Woman (Passive?)
• Conclusions about Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy?