PIA 2528

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PIA 2528

• Week Six

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Paper Requirement- Reminder

• Individual research paper (15 pages) and Panel
  Presentation - 30 of Grade
• Based Upon your individual Work Plan
• All materials referenced should be cited in
  either the correct APA or University of Chicago
  style. Incorrect citations will cause your
  submissions to be down-graded.

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Historical Patterns

• Land, Rural Development and Human Resource
  Development

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Catch Up Discussion

• Huntington, Clash of Civilizations
• Laura Meixell
• Allen, Dark Continent
• Sarah Tylka
• Isabel Allenda- Clarissa
• Anh Ninh

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Catch Up Discussion, Two

• Manning, Francophone Africa
• Sara Tylka
• Ida Bormentor
• Graham Greene, The Lawless Roads
• Anh Ninh

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Governance and Sovereignty

• "Transformation (and globalization) has led to
  a reinvention of government and what it does"
• - Anonymous

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Historical Patterns of Governance

• Paternalism-
• Monarchy, Theocracy and Authoritarianism
• Authority Linked to the Control of Land (and
  Water)- Feudalism

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Three Sub-Themes

• Governance
• Land and Water Use
• Rural Change
• Human Skills Development

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The Evolution of the Rural Community

• 1. Hunter-gatherers Age-grade societies
• 2. Settled Subsistence Agriculturalists

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The Evolution of the Rural Community-2

• 3. Cattle Keeping
• 4. Plantations, Commercial Farms and
  Agri-Business
• 5. So-Called Communal Tenure

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Traditional Communal

• The term is misleading- there are an infinite
  number of land relationships- Note Three
• 1. Use same land for individual benefit (cattle
  rearing)

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Communal Land

• 2. People use same land and pool proceeds-
  aspiration in socialist countries. (Communalism)
• Little evidence in traditional society
• COLLECTIVE FARMS AND FARM FACTORIES

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Communal Land

• 3. Individual use of land for individual gain
• a. without legal tenure
• b. no sale or disposal of land
• c. no collateral

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The Problem of Landlordism

• Tenancy relationship to large hacienda,
  plantation or commercial agricultural enterprise
• In much of the world, Land is traditional
  controlled by land-lords
• Vast majority of rural peasants in some form of
  tenancy relationships

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Landlordism

• Serfdom legal linkage to land and ownership
• Small scale subsistence agriculturalist- produce
  for food
• Reality Peasants- dependency relationship to land

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Rural Socialism as an ideology in the 1960s

• 1. Peasant collectives and Communal state
  farms- Soviet Union
• 2. Voluntary collectives- Ujamaa villages in
  Tanzania
• 3. Move the peasant away from individualized
  production (China)
• 4. Ideal village level economies of scale
• 5. Reality Collectives, prefectoralism and
  state enterprises (State Agri-Collectives

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Modernization- Western (and to some Colonial)
Land Divisions

• a. Usufruct Individual ownership and control
  of land with rights of transfer, inheritance and
  sale
• b. Landed elites- landed aristocracy
• c. MNCs as plantation farmers- Firestone, Dole
  and Unilever

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Individual Land Tenure Results

• Landless Rural Workers- Sell their labor in
  cities, to plantations, to small farmers or as a
  labor export (regionally or internationally)
• The realities and limits of collective finance
  From Burial Societies to micro-credit schemes
• How to define individual relationship to land
  FAILURE OF LAND TENURE REFORM

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Rural Development and civil society

• Induced Rural Transformation-Approaches
• 1. Radical Transformation- urbanization
• a. Primacy of Industrialization
  
• b. Emphasis on infrastructure and
  mechanization of farming

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Rural Development

• 2. Green Revolution Variant of above. Capital
  intensive and export oriented. (Landlordism?)
• a. Focus is primarily on Technical (seeds,
  equipment- focus is on extension and
  technical)
• b. Economies of scale mean large farms

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Rural Development

• 3. Small holder approach- Primacy is on rural
  sector
• INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT

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Rural Development and Governance

• 1. Primacy of social development, health,
  education, community development
• 2. Small holder peasant sector
• 3. Stresses the importance of individual land
  tenure and producer cooperatives in marketing
• 4. Links with local government structures
  Village Development Committees
• 5. Role for Civil Society Groups

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Problem The Capitalist/Commercial Farming-

• Lack of an Alternative and Failure of Collective
  Agriculture
• Failure of and agricultural transformation except
  for parts of Southeast Asia (plus war and
  weather)
• Lead to the decline of the state and the
  intervention of NGOs - Relief and Humanitarian
  activities

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Coffee Break

• Fifteen Minutes

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Discussion Land Use, Water and Non-Renewable
Resources

• Ostrom, Crafting Institutions
• Sarah Tylka
• Ali Ashraf
• Picard, Various
• Chunrong Chen
• Anh Ninh
• Stefanie Schell

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Discussion Land Use, Water and Non-Renewable
Resources, Two

• Mawhood,
• Laura Meixell
• Verona Benjamin
• Wunsch and Olowu and Cheema and Rondinelli
• Ida Bormentar
• Lindsay Wood
• Verona Benjamin

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The Problem

• Planning for Local Government and Rural
  Development

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Human Resource Development

• L. Picard- Botswana Study

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Table 1 Education and Training Needs of Unified
Local Government Service Summary by Position
Classification of Those in Post, February, 1981
Vacancies include expatriates in position
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Table 2 Sample Table of Cadre Manpower and
Training Positions
Footnotes to be provided for explanation of
assumptions
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Table 3 Summary of Manpower and Training Needs,
1982 1992, by A and B Posts
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Table 4a Proposed Training ProgrammeTreasury/Re
venue Cadre
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Table 4b Proposed Training ProgrammeTreasury/Re
venue Cadre, cont.
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Table 5 Sample of a Cadre Training Scheme
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Table 6 Summary, Student/Week to be Trained
Summary of Student Weeks to be Trained for all
Institutions, 1982 1986
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Discussion Cumulative Issues

• land use, water, basic Needs
• NGOs, grassroots institutions and civil society
  in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia
  and the Middle East.
• Implications on Local Government, Civil Society
  and Governance
• Human Resource Skills and Rural Change
• Democracy

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End of Session Discussion

• Group Discussion Four Minute Presentation on
  Governance in each Region
• Africa
• South Asia/Southeast Asia
• Latin America/Caribbean
• South Asia

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Regional Patterns Governance (Readings)

• Break into Groups for Fifteen Minutes
• Identify the (reading) source for your
  presentation

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Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Southeast (and South) Asia
• Lindsay Martin Wood
• Chunrong Chen

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Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• South Asia
• Ali Ashraf
• Laura Meixell
• Stephanie Schell

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Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Central America and the Caribbean
• Verona Benjamin
• Anh Ninh

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Regional Patterns The Institutional Legacy
(Readings)

• Africa
• Ida Bomentar
• Sarah Tylka

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Summary Discussion

• What if anything have we learned about
  Governance, Local Government and Civil Society So
  Far?