PIA%202501

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PIA 2501

• Development Policy and Management

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The Nature of the Debate

• THE NATURE OF THE DEBATE

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Major Themes

• I. The Situation Today
• II. The Impact of Colonialism
• III. Twentieth Century Authoritarianism
• IV. The End of Colonialism
• V. Keynesianism and the Western Development
  Model

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The Situation Today
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Development as a Concept The Problem

• The industrialized countries, which accounted
  for 40 percent of the world's population after
  World War II, now account for only 20 percent,
  though they earn 85 percent of the world's
  income.

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At Issue

• In the coming decades, the industrialized world
  is expected to make up only 12 to 15 percent of
  the planetary population, as 90 to 95 percent of
  all births take place in the poorest countries.
• I see around the world-poverty, the collapse
  of cities, porous borders, cultural and racial
  strife, growing economic disparities, weakening
  nation-states--We are not in control... (Robert
  Kaplan)

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Robert D. Kaplan
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Development as a Concept The Image

• Robert Kaplans view
• Economic and social development is generally
  cruel, painful, violent, and uneven

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Development as a Concept The Controversy

• some nations, including the United States, may
  be retreating into a fortress like nationalism
• - Robert Kaplan, Ends of the Earth argument

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The Ends of the Earth Argument

• Certain countries are separating and being
  separated from the world economy.
• Most of Africa except Egypt and South Africa
• Parts of Indian sub-continent- Burma, Sri Lanka-
  Central Asia
• Parts of the non-Oil Middle East
• Parts of South East Asia-Cambodia and Laos-
• Parts of Central/South America and the Balkans
  follows

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Reference

• Robert Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth A Journey
  at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York Random
  House 1996).

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Author of the Week Robert D. Kaplan

• Robert D. Kaplan (born in 1952)) is an American
  journalist. He is currently an editor for the
  Atlantic Monthly. His writings have also been
  featured in the Washington Post, the New York
  Times and the Wall Street Journal, among other
  newspapers and publications.
• He is known for his controversial essays about
  the nature of U.S. power have spurred debate in
  academia, the media, and the highest levels of
  government.
• A frequent theme in his work is the re-emergence
  of cultural and historical tensions temporarily
  suspended during the Cold War. He has traveled to
  and reported on more than 80 countries.

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Picards Perspective

• History is Important
• Culture Defines Choices
• Start with empirical reality and normative
  choices follow
• Regional Analysis is Important

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Influence Transition Authors

• Okot p'Bitek

• Paul Theroux

• Ugandan Poet

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Quote of the Day

• Okot pBitekUganda novelist
• Foreign Experts and Peace Corps swarm the
  Country Like white Ants. (Transition Magazine,
  1966)
• Picard first read in Masaka Uganda, when it
  was first published

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Note Suggested Reading

• Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father A Story of
  Race and Inheritance (New York Three Rivers
  Press, 2004), pp. 392-430. (Africa)
• Barack Obama, The Audacity of Hope Thoughts
  on Reclaiming the American Dream  (New York
  Vintage Books, 2006), Chapter Eight, pp. 320-382.
  (General and Southeast Asia)
•  

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How Did We Get to this Point?

• Historical Structures
• Overseas colonial structures, land-based
  colonialism, post-colonial society
• Problems of Defining Development and
  Modernization Theory
• Colonial Underdevelopment Argument

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The Impact of Colonialism

• Periods 1. Age of Exploration
• 2. Early Colonialism- Mercantilism
• 3. De Jure or Formal Colonialism
• 4. Old vs. New Colonialism
• 5. Land Based Colonial Empires
• 6. De Facto (Neo) Colonialism
• 7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empire
• 8. Decolonization after WWII
• 9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of
  Development

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Overseas Colonial Structures, Values, (1500-1960)
and Post-Colonial Society

• 1. Age of Expansion 1500-1700. Extraction and
  Exploration. Dominated by Spain, Portugal and
  later Holland
• 2. Overseas colonialism (Mercantilism
  Phase-1700-1856- French and British)
• The creation of external trade patterns and
  government expenditures directed toward the
  development of an export economy
• 3. De Jure colonialism After 1856
• Legal and internationally recognized formal
  control of government structures when trade,
  economic and governmental sectors of a society
  are formally or legally controlled by another
  country

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Age of Exploration
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Colonial Structures, Values, and Post-Colonial
Society (1500-1950)

• 4. Old Colonialism vs. New Colonialism
  (after 1920)
• a. Early colonial development focused on
  infrastructure to support export and import
  trade
• b. Human resource development was neglected
• c. ideology of Free trade that masked a reality
  which developed markets for mother country goods
  and provided raw materials for industrial
  production
• d. New Colonialism- Modernization and
  Westernization (1920-1950)

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The Colonial Governor (The Prefect Model)
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Early Colonial Control The Colonial Prefect-
World Wide

• Named the district officer, magistrate, landrost,
  district commissioner, the commandant, the
  collector (Asia, Africa, Middle East, East
  Europe)
• By contrast, administration was Functional in
  Spanish Latin America, Philippines, and in some
  Neo-Colonial systemsno prefect
• Government expenditure was limited to the
  military and police prior to 1920s

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Land Based Colonialism

• 5. European Empires
• Do the terms colonialism and underdevelopment
  work for Eastern Europe, the CIS, Central Asia
  and the Caucasus?
• Administrative structures were similar to those
  of overseas colonialism
• After 1989, These are often labeled Transitional
  States

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Land Based Colonialism

• Janine Wedel, in Collision and Collusion, raises
  two questions
• Are transitional states developmental?
• Are they transitional?
• What does she mean?

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De Facto vs. Neo-Colonialism

• 6. De Facto Colonialism
• No formal legal ties but in practice power
  relationships between colonial powers and puppet
  regimes
• Thailand, Ethiopia, Persia, Nepal, the Arabian
  Peninsula, and Afghanistan, much of Latin America
  after the 1850s
• Parallel between formal colonial systems and
  informal influence
• Neo-colonialism after 1960

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Break Time

• TEN MINUTE BREAK

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7. Authoritarianism and the End of Empires
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Nationalism and Development- Five Minute History

• Neo-Nationalism- Royalist Conservatism in Europe
  and Asia
• Corporatism Fascism
• Socialism/Communism
• Keynesianism
• New Orthodoxy

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Japan Nationalism and the End of Empire

• Looked to Model of Japan prior to World War II
  (Toland Book)
• Nationalism developed in the 1930s and 1940s
  throughout much of the colonial world including
  much of central and Eastern Europe. It had four
  variations.

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Japan and the History of Development (Toland,
The Rising Sun) Two Questions

• What was the Pre-War Japanese Government view of
  Colonialism in Asia?
• Why is Japan Important in the development of
  nationalism in Africa and Asia?
• For Further Reading Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and
  the Making of Modern Japan (New York Harper
  Collins, 2000).

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Central European CorporatismSocialism and
Fascism WWII

1. Dominant Nationalism
2. Absence of Renaissance Central Europe
3. Multi-ethnicity and land based expansion
4. Revolutionary Transformation and Collapse in the
   20th Century
5. Primacy of the Party under National Socialism
6. Prefectoral Model of local state Party Authority
7. Promoted a Mobilizing and social engineering
   model of state transformation

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Neo-Nationalism in Europe and Latin America
(1930s)

• António de Oliveira Salazar (1932)- Portuguese
  Overseas Territories
• Franco and the Spanish Civil War
• Peronism (Juan Peron Argentina 1944)
• Impact of the functions of government
• Territorial Governors appointed by the President
  (Prefects)
• The importance of Military control in regions
  -Spanish Military Governors called Presidencies

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The Leaders

• Juan and Eva Peron and Francisco Franco

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Neo-Nationalism in Latin America (1940s)

• Patronage (The Universal Problem)
• Legalistic basis of governance in principle
• Clientalist, class or mass based appeal, charisma
• Community level political culture localismo
  inward looking villages and communities

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Patronage in Mongolia
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Further Reading on Latin America

• Kenneth J. Andrien, The Kingdom of Quito The
  State and Regional Development (Cambridge
  Cambridge University Press, 1995).
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• Peter S. Cleaves, Bureaucratic Politics and
  Administration in Chile (Berkeley University of
  California Press, 1974).
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• Keith Griffin, Underdevelopment in Spanish
  America An Interpretation (London Geoge Allen,
  1969)
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• Jack Hopkins, (ed.) Latin America Perspectives
  on a Region (New York Holmes and Meier, 1987).
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• Howard J. Wiarda, Politics and social change in
  Latin America still a distinct tradition?
  (Boulder Westview Press, 1992).

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Socialism and Fascism WWII

• Some have used the term Totalitarianism
• Provided models for Corporatist Development
• Legacy of Imperial and Socialist Land Based
  Empires (Germany, Russia, Austria and Turkey)
• Corporatist and Commandist Variations

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The Development Era

• 8. Decolonization
• after World War Two

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End of Sea Based Colonialism

• Egypt- 1922
• Dutch East Indies- 1944 (Indonesia)
• Philippines (1946)
• India- 1947
• Israel-1948
• Sudan-1965
• Ghana-1957 (The Deluge-1960)

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Sudan

• President Omar al-Bashir

• Sleepless in Sudan

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From Middle Class Nationalism to Mass Movements

• World War II led to the collapse of over seas
  empires
• Begins Japanese imperialism and Asian nationalism
• The Atlantic Treaty and self-determinism
• Two patterns
• Gandhi and non-violence and
• Sukarno, Ho Chi Minh and violent resistance or
  revolution

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Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
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Independence

• Between 1945 and 1965 more than one hundred new
  states came into existence
• Kwame Nkrumah Seek ye first the Political
  Kingdom
• Implication was that economic development would
  follow

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The Development Era 1948-1989

• In the 1940s and 1950s there was a rhetoric of
  Nationalism through out the World
• Political Change (Nationalism in the Middle East,
  and Latin America) and Independence (Caribbean,
  Africa, and Asia (1960s-1970s)
• Transformation in Eastern Europe and the CIS
  (1980s)

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Mixed vs. Command Economies

• 9. Nationalism, Independence and Theories of
  Development
• Socialism as a Model?
• Part of European Social Democracy

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Communist Theory and Development

1. State Control
2. Social Engineering
3. Command Economy
4. Industrialization vs. Rural Transformation
5. State Managed Development

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The Great Helmsman
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The Western Development Model

• Keynesianism

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Historical Character

• John Maynard Keynes

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John Maynard Keynes, 1883-1946

• British Economist who worked several years in the
  British India Office 
• John Rapley Keynes had no problem with the
  market economy. He liked the machine but judged
  it to be in need of improvement if it was to
  operate well.

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John Maynard Keynes

• His goal was to influence the market and not
  replace it
• Influenced the U.S. New Deal and the thinking of
  the Labour Party in England
• He had an important influence on the social
  democratic parties in Western Europe
• His ideas suggested that European mixed economies
  could be replicated in LDCs

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Keynesianism as Economic Principle

• Government had a role in the management of the
  economy
• KEY Faith in the State

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Keynesianism

• Physical development (roads and dams) and
  Economic Growth
• Physical and Mental Change or Social Development
• Human Resource Development vs. Social and
  Economic Change
• Proposed a Mixed Economypublic and private

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sECOND AUTHOR OF THE DAY

• Kathleen Staudt
• Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines
  (1966-1968) Researcher in Kenya- 1970s
• Raised Question- Is there a grass-roots
  perspective? Role of Gender?
• Why or Why not?

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AUTHORS Themes

• John Rapley- Keynesian
• Jennifer Brinkerhoff- Public-Private
  Partnerships- The use of Grants
• Pressman and Wildavsky- Implementation Why plans
  do not become reality (Oakland, California)

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NEXT WEEK

• The Nature of the Debate
• Theories

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Discussion- Next Week

• Paul Theroux
• Robert Chambers
• George Orwell

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The Nature of the Debate

• Issues and Questions