PIA 2501

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PIA 2501

• Development Policy and Management
• WEEK FIVE

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1983-2000 Special Focus

• Structural Adjustment with or without a Human
  Face

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End of development model assumption

• Orthodoxy Overseas capital investment
• Accepts Foreign or "Pariah" group ownership and
  control of trade and commerce
• A New Reality Local soft political institutions,
  weak private sectors

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Change the Neo-Orthodoxy

• The Realities To End of 1980s- Focus on
  anti-Marxist, growth regimes
• Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Chile, South Africa
  (newly emerging States)
• Politics not important

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Neo-Orthodoxy

• No development management- development programs
  are bad
• Cant make planning better
• Neo-Orthodoxy and privatization

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To what extent is the state planning approach
possible?

• Bureaucratic, administrative and political
  constraints constitute a major limitation
• Development strategies often parallel but ignore
  political realities
• Looking for
• a Rule to Follow

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Neo-Orthodoxy View of Development Management

• Five year plans of over 1500 pages for a country
  of less than a million people
• Part of unfulfilled rhetoric of development
• National Planning to be replaced by local and
  regional planning (and Projects

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Failures of Development Planning

• A Problem The limits on political compromise and
  local level autonomy
• Failure of Development and the limits of the
  econometric model
• Failure of planning blamed on weak planning and
  administrative capacity
• Planning was a shopping list

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Counter-Orthodoxy Argument

• Bureaucracies are socio-economic actors
• Good example Land reform and bureaucracies
• A study of 25 major land reforms--in 15 cases the
  bureaucracy was major beneficiary in the process

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PICARD

• Unpaid Editorial

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The Problem (1) Bad Planning and Foreign Aid

• 1. Bureaucrats/practitioners ignored development
  theories ideas
• 2. LDC Development Institutes were largely
  irrelevant as training centers--donors used
  overseas training
• 3. International Organizations (UNDP, IMF and
  World Bank) promoted Programs that were
  unworkable.

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The Foreign Aid Meeting
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The Problem (2)

• Development administration did little to deal
  with issues of population control, food
  production and rural development
• Foreign aid was seen as little more than a front
  for foreign policy

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Anti-Planning Neo-Orthodoxy The Problem (3)

• Planning illustrates problem of soft-state and
  inability of state to impose its will on society-
  
• Planning Part of the Problem
• But the Problems are real

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• Land Reform
• and Womens
• Rights

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But.

• Donors Need Planning Skills (Still)
• National Program Support Office, Afghanistan
  (October, 2005)
• Project Management Unit (PMU)

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Autonomous Work Packaging Model
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• End of Editorial

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The Middle View

• The Moderate Interpretation of Development
  Administration Failures
• Goal Realistic Decision-Making based on
  sufficient knowledge (strategic planning) Mixed
  Scanning
• Balance Public-Private Partnerships

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The Twenty-First Century Model
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The Problems of Development Management
Discussion

• Quote of the Week
• "The Human Condition being what it was, let them
  fight, let them love, let them murder, I would
  not be involved."
•  Graham Greene
• Return to Issue in Discussion
• Is Strategic Planning (involvement) possible?

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Structural Adjustment Policies1985-2001- Redeux

• Failure of the Developmental State Goran Hyden
• Linked to pre-scientific modes of
• production of peasantsEconomy of Affection
• Failure of State and Exit Option (See work of
• Albert O. Hirschman)
• Problem of Endemic Patronage and
• Corruption

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Structural Adjustment Policies1985-2001

• The Structural Adjustment Argument- Need to
• stabilize currency and markets (getting the
  prices right)
• Promote Free Trade
• Need to refocus role of state from development to
  law and order and deregulation
• Address the problem of Debt and Structural
  Adjustment reforms (IMF and World Bank)

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Structural Adjustment, Cont.

• Reduce the size of the public sector (infamous
  19 cut)
• Promote Privatization or NGOismNegative on the
  State
• Privatization (Rambo vs. Effete)
• Faith in Capitalist Entrepreneurialism
• Neo-Orthodoxy had a purist element

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Structural Adjustment Policies1985-2001

• The Argument for NGOism
• Left wing Privatization (Private Voluntary
  Organizations, Cooperatives, Community Based
  Organizations, Non-Profits)
• Energy of NGOs
• Structural Adjustment
• Public Sector ReformReduce size and restructure
  state
• Populist

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Summary Development Management in 2000

• Concern about incapacity Questions raised about
  efficacy of state approach
• Critics spoke of negative state
• Government had become a negative
• Debates focused on privatization, public sector
  reform and NGOism
• Need to address issues of external vs. internal
  solutions to development problems
• (domestic capacity vs. international
  redistribution)

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Summary Development Management in 2000

• Focus should be on issues of sustainability and
  institutional development- not projects
• Need to search for a creative, flexible, and
  innovative management system
• Difficult to separate development from politics
• Implementation had become the neglected component
  of development policy (Pressman and Wildavsky)
• Question The appropriateness of the U.S. case
  study as lessons for development action?

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Choices

• Contracting Out and Privatization
• NGOism and Grants
• Capacity Building (HRD)
• A Mixed Scanning Approach

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• TEN MINUTE BREAK

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Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant White)

• Debates the Attitudes Problem in LDC?
• How to get people to think developmentally?
• Changes in programmatic values have an impact on
  LDC elites
• Problem of the Organizational Bourgeoisie
  Bureaucratic values unchanged from colonial
  period as domestic elites manipulate public
  policy (Picard)

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Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant White)

• Debates the Attitudes Problem and the Public
  Sector
• Myth of civil service neutrality Bureaucratic
  elites have interests Statism
• At best what results is benign neglect, at worst
  resource extraction
• Problem failure to develop and indigenous
  capitalism

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Problem The Expanding Civil Service

• Civil Servant Component of the total Current
  Budget
• 10 to 15 in MDCs
• 30 to 60 in LDCs
• South Africa in 2001, 46
• Benin in the 1980s, 64
• Central African Republic in the 1960s, 81

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Private Sector

• Limited to settler, pariah groupsJews and Roma
  in Eastern Europe, Chinese in much of Asia,
  Lebanese and East Indians in parts of Africa and
  Latin America (See Books of V.S. Naipaul)

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Gypsies (Roma) in Europe
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Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant White)

• Debates the Attitudes Problem
• Indigenous Elites- Sometimes referred to as
  Comprador classes or dependent elites, since
  they have been co-opted and are linked to
  Northern Tier states- Cronyism
• Expatriate Attitudes?

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Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant White)

• Debates the Bureaucratic Attitudes Problem
  continued
• How developmental are bureaucrats?
• Can the state be used for SOCIAL ENGINEERING?
• Is the private or non-profit sector better at
  development?

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Social Mobilization Training
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Internal Capacity Issues(Bryant White)

• Basic Needs Assumptions Problem
• Need for increased capacity of public, parastatal
  and private sectors
• State should remain central to development
  planning and management
• Need for administrative reform to develop more
  creative development structures

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AMTRAK- Public or Private?
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DISCUSSION
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From Mister Johnson
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Denis A. Goulet, 75, died December 26, 2006
Appropriate Theory and Practice
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The Discussion Debate

• Joyce Cary, The Two Faces of Progress
• Denis Goulet, The Cruel Choice
• The Development Message?
• Is Progress the Answer?

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Late Colonial Philippines
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Discussion Stanley Karnow In Our Image?

• In Our Image (France, U.S., Portugal)
• Is assimilation the answer?
• In the Philippines, South East Asia, Middle East
  / Africa?
• Latin America Just Spain?

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Books of the Week

• Graham Greene, The Quiet American
• Jan Myrdal, Report from a Chinese Village

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The Problems of Development Management

• Quote of the Week
• The Quiet American- An Alternative to expatriate
  non-involvement?
• "The Human Condition being what it was, let them
  fight, let them love, let them murder, I would
  not be involved.
•  Graham Greene

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Books for Next Week

• Khushwant Singh, Last Train to Pakistan
• Kurban Said, Ali and Nino

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The Authors

• Gunnar Myrdal and Graham Greene

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The Development Debates

• What message does each author bring to the table?
• What do we learn about development?
• What do you like and dislike about the two books

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The Authors

• Kushwant Singh

• Kurban Said

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Case Studies for Next Week

• Carlos Fuentes- The Cost of Living
• Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, The Interview

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Ruth Prawer Jhabvala and Carlos Fuentes