Chapter 18 Review

1
Chapter 18 Review

• Section 1

2

• Identify
• Thomas Hobbes
• People are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish
• Believed that an absolute monarchy was necessary
  to insure an ideal society
• Also believed that people needed a social
  contract, in order to have an organized society
• John Locke
• optimistic about people
• people were basically reasonable and moral
• Believed that people had natural rights
• Baron de Montesquieu
• wrote The Spirit of Laws, in which he commented
  Great Britain's form of government
• felt that each branch of government should have
  a check and balance

3

• Voltaire
• Francois-Marie Arouet, took the name Voltaire
• most famous of the philosophes, which means
  lovers of wisdom
• against the abuses of the day
• targeted corrupt officials
• wrote against an inequality and superstition
• Detested the slave trade and religious prejudice
• Offended the French government and the Catholic
  church
• Imprisoned and finally send into exile
• Dennis Diderot
• made 28 volumes encyclopedia
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• believed that people were naturally good and
  innocent
• In 1762, wrote a social contract
• believed that what should happen should happen
  for the good of the community

4

• Mary Wollstonecraft
• Wrote The Vindication of the Rights of Woman,
  and in this she called for equal education
• Believed that a women should be a good mother
• Believed that women had the right to decide what
  was good for her
• well known social critic
• The Wealth of Nations
• Novel by Adam Smith
• He argued that a free market system should be
  allowed to regulate business
• believed that supply and demand should dictate
  the market

5

• Define
• Natural law
• Laws that govern human nature, as determined by
  the philosophers
• Social contract
• An agreement by which people give up their state
  of nature for an organized society
• Natural rights
• rights that belong to all human from birth
• right to life, liberty, and property
• Government should have limited power
• if the government didnt work for the people,
  the people could over throw the government
• wrote the Two Treatises of Government

6

• Philosophe
• Thinkers that believed that the use of reason
  could lead to reforms of government, law, and
  society
• lovers of wisdom
• Physiocrat
• people that focused on economic reform
• Laissez faire
• policy that would allow businesses to operate
  with little or no government interference

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3. How did the achievements of the Scientific
Revolution contribute to the enlightenment?

• They led to greater faith in the power of
  reason. People began to apply reason to human
  nature and government as well as to the physical
  world.

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4. Explain the views of Thomas Hobbes, John
Locke, and the Baron de Montesquieu.

• Hobbes had a negative view of humans and
  believed that he needed a strict government to
  control us.
• Locke was optimistic, believed that people
  needed a limited government to guarantee their
  rights.
• Montesquieu felt that each branch of government
  should have a check and balance. Felt that of the
  government wasnt doing their job, get rid of it.

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5. How did the philosophes influence ideas on
society and the economy?

• Belief in reason lead them to freedom of
  thought, opposed slavery, encouraged education
• Believed in limited government activity

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6. Rousseau put the common good over the interest
of the individual. Do you agree with that
position? Explain.

• He was wrong
• The general good maybe actively harmful to an
  individual and should not be forced to act
  against

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7. Suppose that Mary Wollstonecraft
encountered another important philosophe. What
course might their conversation follow?

• Mary might want to why the philosophes did not
  focus more on the plight of women.
• Philosophes might say womens rights are
  different from mens and that therefore the
  subjects are too different to discuss.

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Section 2
13
Identify-

• Candide
• Voltaire published this in 1759 to expose
  corruption and the hypocrisy of European society
• Joseph ll
• The most radical of enlightened despots
• A Hapsburg emperor
• Son and successor of Maria Theresa
• Known as the peasant emperor
• Johann Sebastian Bach
• A devout German Lutheran who wrote religious
  works for organ and choir

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• George Frederick Handel
• German composer that lived in England
• Wrote Water Music and other pieces for King
  George I
• Most famous was Messiah that combines instruments
  and voices
• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Composer of operas, symphonies, piano concertos,
  and many other works
• He wrote more than 600 pieces of music
• Daniel Defoe
• English writer that wrote Robinson Crusoe

15
Define-

• Censorship
• Restricting access to ideas and information
• Salon
• An informal gathering where writers, artists,
  philosophes and others exchanged ideas
• Enlightened Despot
• Monarchs that excepted Enlightenment ideas
• Absolute rulers that used their power to bring
  about political and social change

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• Baroque
• During the age of Louis XIV
• Huge colorful paintings that were full of
  excitement
• They glorified historic battles or the lives of
  saints
• Rococo
• Developed by architects and designers in the mid
  1700s
• The style was personal, elegant, and charming

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3. Explain how each of the following affected
the spread if new ideas a) Censorship b) Salons

• (a) Censorship was an effort to limit the
  spread of ideas, but philosophes found ways to
  spread their thoughts in spite of censorship.
• (b) Salons provided a setting for people to share
  ideas in a social situation.

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4. What were the goals of enlightened despots?

• Their goals were to bring about political and
  social change. However, most monarchs still
  maintained their personal power.

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5. How did the enlightenment affect a arts and
literature, b) the lives of the majority?

• (a)New forms and styles of art and literature
  developed
• (b) Most peoples lives were unchanged

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6. What did Frederick ll mean when he said, In
my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own
fashion? B) how did his actions reflect that
idea?

• He was referring to freedom of religion
• He tolerated religious differences and welcomed
  victims of religious persecution.

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7. How did the Enlightenment bring together ideas
of both the renaissance and the reformation?

• People questioned traditional beliefs and
  believed in the human ability to bring about
  change and to explore new creative outlets.

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Section 3
23
Identify-

• Act of Union
• Is when England united with Scotland in 1707
• Tories
• Political party that consisted of landed
  aristocrats who sought to preserve older
  traditions
• Supported royal powers and a dominant Anglican
  Church
• Whigs
• Backed policies of Glorious Revolution
• Reflected business interest and religious
  toleration
• Favored Parliament over the crown

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• Robert Walpole
• Was the leader of the Whig party 1721-1742
• Molded cabinet into a unified body
• Is considered Britains first prime minister
• George lll
• King of England 1760-1820
• Born in England
• Wanted to reassert royal power
• Wanted to end Whig dominance
• Choose his own ministers
• Dissolve the cabinet
• Make parliament follow his will

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Define-

• Constitutional government
• A government whose power is defined and limited
  by law
• Cabinet
• A few parliamentary advisors that set policy
• Called a cabinet because they met in a small room
• Prime Minister
• Leader of the majority party in parliament and
  head of the cabinet
• Today it is the chief government official
• Oligarchy
• A government in which the ruling power belongs
  to a few people

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3. Explain how each of the following contributed
to Britain's rise to global power a) geography,
b) success in war c) attitudes toward business
and commerce

• Britains island location helped it to control
  trade and build a global empire
• Military successes won Britain more overseas
  territories and a monopoly on the slave trade in
  Spanish America
• The British government promoted business by
  imposing fewer trade restrictions than other
  nations

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4. How did the British cabinet and office of
prime minister develop?

• George I and II needed advisory help in
  Parliament because they were from a German state
  and did not speak English. This body became known
  as the cabinet and eventually gained official
  status. The head of the cabinet was the prime
  minister, leader of the majority party.

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5. What goals did George lll have when he became
king?

• To reassert royal power by ending Whig
  domination, to choose his own ministers, to
  dissolve the cabinet system and gain control of
  Parliament.

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6. How did the British political party system
affect most people in Britian?

• The lives of most people were not affected. The
  majority of people were busy making a meager
  living from the land.

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7. How might people in Ireland and the American
colonies react to British attempts to increase
control over those regions?

• Catholics in Ireland would remain poor and
  politically weak but would protest and rebel
  against the British government. In the American
  colonies, people might also repel.

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Section 4
32
Identify-

• Navigation Acts
• Laws passed to regulate colonial trade and
  manufacturing
• Continental Congress
• Members included representatives from the
  colonies that met in Philadelphia to decide what
  action should be taken
• George Washington
• Appointed commander of the Continental Army by
  congress

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• Battle of Saratoga
• 1777 turning point in the war
• Americans defeated the British which got France
  to help the Americans by providing supplies,
  soldiers, and war ships
• Also convinced the Netherlands and Spain to help
  the Americans
• Treaty of Paris of 1783
• When American, British, and French diplomats met
  to sign the treaty to end fighting two years
  after the British surrendered at Yorktown

34

• Bill of Rights
• First 10 Amendments to the Constitution
• Recognize that people had basic rights that the
  government must protect
• Include freedom of religion, speech, press, trial
  by jury, and to private property

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Define-

• Popular sovereignty
• Where the Declaration of Independence states that
  all government power comes from the people
• Loyalist
• About one third of the American population that
  supported Britain
• Federal republic
• Created by the Constitution which divided power
  between the federal government and the states

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3. Describe colonial law, society, and politics
in the mid-1700s.

• Trade was controlled by Britain, while politics
  and society were generally controlled by wealthy
  landowners. Religious and social diversity,
  however, helped reduce the types of social
  distinctions that would be found in Europe

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4. Explain why conflict between the colonists and
Britian increased after 1763.

• The colonists resented the new taxes that Britain
  imposed to help pay for the French and Indian
  War. They opposed the taxes because they had no
  representation in Parliament.

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5. Give an example of how Enlightenment ideas
were reflected in each of the following a)
Declaration of Independence, b) the United States
Constitution.

• The Declaration of Independence claimed that all
  men are born with rights that governments must
  protect
• The Constitution was based on the social contract
  theory of government. It created a government
  with power divided among three branches, just as
  Montesquieu had recommended.

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6. Describe the idea of separation of powers.
Then, give two examples of how your life would be
different if the constitution did not guarantee
separation of powers.

• Students answer should reflect an understanding
  of how the separation of powers prevents any one
  branch from exercising too much power.

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7. What reasons might a loyalist have opposing
the American Revolution?

• The colonies belonged to Britain and owed
  allegiance to it
• Britain supported and protected the colonies
• Revolution was dangerous.

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Chapter 18 Review Assessment
42
Building Vocabulary

• Natural Law
• Laws that govern human nature, as determined by
  the philosophers
• Philosophe
• Thinkers that believed that the use of reason
  could lead to reforms of government, law, and
  society
• lovers of wisdom
• Enlightenment despot
• Monarchs that excepted Enlightenment ideas
• Absolute rulers that used their power to bring
  about political and social change

43

• Baroque
• During the age of Louis XIV
• Huge colorful paintings that were full of
  excitement
• They glorified historic battles or the lives of
  saints
• Rococo
• Developed by architects and designers in the mid
  1700s
• The style was personal, elegant, and charming
• Constitutional Government
• A government whose power is defined and limited
  by law

44

• Cabinet
• A few parliamentary advisors that set policy
• Called a cabinet because they met in a small room
• Prime Minister
• Leader of the majority party in parliament and
  head of the cabinet
• Today it is the chief government official
• Loyalist
• About one third of the American population that
  supported Britain
• Federal republic
• Created by the Constitution which divided power
  between the federal government and the states

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Recalling Key Facts

• 11. According to John Locke, what should happen
  if a government violates peoples natural rights?
  
• The people have the right to overthrow the
  government.
• 12. According to Adam Smith, how should wages and
  prices be regulated?
• By the natural forces of supply and demand

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• 13. How did serfdom differ in Eastern and Western
  Europe?
• Serfdom largely disappeared in Western Europe but
  remained common in Easter Europe.
• 14. What areas combined to form the United
  Kingdom of Great Britain?
• England, Wales, and Scotland

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• 15. How did taxation create tensions between the
  American colonies and the British government?
• Britain sought to tax the colonies to pay for
  their defense, while colonists thought Britain
  had no right to tax them.

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• 16. Today, we talk about human rights rather than
  natural rights. a) Describe a human rights issue
  that has been in the news recently. b) Choose one
  philosophe from this chapter and describe how he
  or she might respond to the issue
• Answers should describe a current even in which
  the human rights for an individual or group are
  being challenged or asserted
• The suggested response should be plausible for
  the philosophe chosen

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• 17. (a) What ideas about government do you think
  English settlers brought with them to the
  Americas?
• Ideas connected with the Enlightenment, the Magna
  Carta, the Petition of Right, the Glorious
  Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights

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• 17. (b) How might those ideas have contributed to
  the outbreak of the American Revolution
• Colonists believed that the British government
  was violating their tradition, legal and natural
  rights. They believed that they were entitled to
  rebel

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• 18. During the American Revolution, Thomas Paine
  used the following words to encourage the
  colonists during a particularly grim time What
  we obtain too cheaply, we esteem too light it is
  costliness only that gives everything its
  value.
• (A) what did he mean by this?
• People place the greatest value on the things
  that are the most difficult to attain
• (B) Do you agree or disagree? Give an example to
  defend your position
• Express your opinions clearly and support them
  with pertinent examples

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• 19. (a) During the American Revolution, how did
  the location of the war help the Americans?
• Americans were fighting on their won ground for
  their farms and towns, which gave them a strong
  incentive
• (b) Why was it a problem for the British?
• The British soldiers were unfamiliar with the
  unsettled land and had no strong motive for
  winning

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Analyzing Primary Sources

• 20. Why would people who abuse their power be
  lost if others were to rise and look me in the
  face?
• Because the position of power depends on the
  perception of power if the others saw that the
  powerful are human too, the powerful could no
  longer maintain their status
• 21. What do you think Voltaire meant by the
  phrase grow fat on their blood?
• People who are intolerant and powerful rely on
  the work of others for their own riches.

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• 22. What is Voltaires tone in the passage? How
  does it suggest Voltaires own beliefs?
• He is angry - even scathing - in his
  denunciation. He obviously thinks tolerance is
  important
• 23. Who are some of the intolerant people
  Voltaire might have has in Ming when he wrote
  this?
• Clergy, monarchs, and nobles

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• 24. (a) Identify a simile used in this excerpt
  (b) Identify a metaphor in the excerpt
• They hate all tolerance, as tyrants dread the
  word liberty.
• I walk on the heads of the men who lie at my
  feet.

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Analyzing Charts

• 25. Who heads the executive branch?
• The president
• 26. What is the main role of the legislative
  branch?
• To pass laws

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• 27. In 1728, Montesquieu wrote, There is no
  liberty, if the power of judging is not separated
  from the legislative and executive powers. Were
  it joined with the legislative, the life and
  liberty of the subject would be exposed to
  arbitrary control, for the judge would then be
  the legislator. Were it joined to the executive
  power, the judge might behave with all the
  violence of an oppressor. How does this table
  relate to Montesquieus statement?
• The chart shows how the United States government
  incorporates Montesquieus ideas by creating a
  separate judicial branch