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Mean VAS before-after singing lesson (high score
more joyful) Sad-joyful Amateurs 7.0 -
9.1 Professional 7.0 - 7.0 Two-way
interaction, p0.045
Grape, Sandgren, Hansson, Ericson, Theorell.
Integr. Physiol. Behav. Sci. 2003
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• Mean VAS before-after singing lesson (high score
  good)
• Lazy-energetic
• Amateurs 5.2 - 7.2
• Professional 5.9 - 7.4
• Main effect (p0.03), both groups improved but no
  interaction

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• Mean VAS before-after singing lesson (high score
  good)
• Tense-relaxed
• Amateurs 6.1-8.2
• Professional 4.9-8.3
• Main effect (p0.004) but no interaction

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• Biological concomitants of the singing lesson
• In both groups rising plasma oxytocin (p 0.009)
• Immunological parameter (TNF-alpha in serum)
  rising in professionals and decreasing in
  amateurs (interaction p0.045)
• Similar tendency for serum cortisol (interaction
  p0.063)

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• Biological effects of singing lesson continued
• Professionals increased heart rate variability in
  general with increasing dominance during the
  lesson for sympathetic arousal in the
  professional group, in the amateur group
  unchanged balance between sympathetic and
  parasympathetic arousal (interaction p0.02-0.04
  for variability and p0.09 for dominance of
  sympathetic)

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The Emotional Brain
High road
Low road
Amygdala
Sensory Thalamus
EmotionalStimulus
EmotionalResponses
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Melancholy Yearning
Pain
Sadness Fear
Fast
Time
Anger Joy
Irritation Harmony Calm
Slow
Wellness
Konarski, 1992
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• Study of 6th and 5th graders in two Stockholm
  schools (n60). Three groups were followed for
  one year. The music class had a social extra
  music teaching for 60 minutes every week. Saliva
  cortisol was collected in the afternoon on three
  occasions during the year, at start
  (August/September), in December and in June.
  Variations over time in the music group with
  decreased saliva cortisol in June compared to
  previous levels (Lindblad, Södergren and
  Theorell, in press, Stress and Health 2006)

wer
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Music lessons enhance IQPsychological science
2004 15511-514Schellenberg EG
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Engaged Music Therapy Patient
Relative levels/initial
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
log prol ratio cortisol ratio DHEA-s ratio uric
acid ratio anxdep ratio global health
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Month
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Passive Music Therapy Patient
Relative levels/initial
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
log prol ratio cortisol ratio DHEA-s ratio uric
acid ratio anxdep ratio global health
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Month
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• William Benzon i Beethovens Anvil, Basic Books
  2001
• Music is the most powerful tool that man has
  invented for brain coupling

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Effects of music on patients undergoing a C-clamp
procedure after percutaneous coronary
interventions.Chan MF, et alJ Adv Nurs. 2006
Mar53(6)669-79.

• A study to determine the effect of music on
  physiological parameters and level of pain in
  patients undergoing application of a C-clamp
  after percutaneous coronary intervention
• Randomized controlled study. Forty-three people
  (20 experimental and 23 control) were recruited.
  In the music group, there were statistically
  significant more reductions (P0.001) in heart
  rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation
  than in the control participants at 45 minutes.
  In the music group, statistically significant
  reductions (P0.001) in systolic blood pressure,
  heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen
  saturation were found at the four time points,
  but not in the control group. Statistically
  significant differences in pain scores were found
  at 45 minutes for participants in the music group
  compared with the control group (P0.003).
  Participants in the control group showed
  statistically significant increases in pain at 45
  minutes compared with baseline (Plt0.001).

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Relaxation and music reduce pain following
intestinal surgery (Good M et al).Res Nurs
Health. 2005 Jun28(3)240-51.

• Relaxation, chosen music, and their combination,
  were tested for pain relief following intestinal
  (INT) surgery in a randomized clinical trial. The
  167 patients were randomly assigned to one of
  these three intervention groups or control and
  were tested during ambulation and rest on
  postoperative days 1 and 2. Pain sensation and
  distress were measured with visual analog scales
  (VAS). Multivariate analysis of covariance showed
  significantly less post-test pain in the
  intervention groups than in the control group on
  both days after rest and at three of six
  ambulation post-tests (p .024-.001), resulting
  in 16-40 less pain. These interventions are
  recommended along with analgesics for greater
  postoperative relief without additional side
  effects

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 Recreational music-making modulates the human
stress response a preliminary individualized
gene expression strategy.Bittman B, et al Med
Sci Monit. 2005 Feb11(2)BR31-40.

• MATERIAL/ METHODS A novel Recreational
  Music-Making (RMM) program was used in
  combination with a new strategy for peripheral
  blood gene expression analysis to assess
  individualized genomic stress induction
  signatures. The aim was to characterize the
  multidimensional biological impact of a 2-phase
  controlled stress induction/amelioration
  experimental protocol in 32 randomly assigned
  individuals. RESULTS In subjects performing the
  RMM activity following a 1-hour stress induction
  protocol, 19 out of 45 markers demonstrated
  reversal with significant (P 0.05) Pearson
  correlations in contrast to 6 out of 45 markers
  in the resting control group and 0 out of 45 in
  the ongoing stressor group. CONCLUSIONS
  Modulation of individualized genomic stress
  induction signatures in peripheral blood presents
  a new opportunity for elucidating the dynamics of
  the human stress response.

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Recreational Music-making An Integrative Group
Intervention for Reducing Burnout and Improving
Mood States in First Year Associate Degree
Nursing Students Insights and Economic Impact.
(Bittman BB Md et al, Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh.
20041(1)Article12. Epub 2004 Jul 9.)

• This controlled prospective crossover study
  examined the impact of a 6-session Recreational
  Music-making (RMM) protocol on burnout and mood
  dimensions as well as Total Mood Disturbance
  (TMD) in first year associate level nursing
  students. A total of 75 first year associate
  degree nursing students from Allegany College of
  Maryland (ACM) participated in a 6-session RMM
  protocol focusing on group support and stress
  reduction utilizing a specific group drumming
  protocol.
• A cost-effective 6-session RMM protocol reduces
  burnout and mood dimensions as well as total mood
  disturbance in associate degree nursing students.

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Alteration of gastric myoelectrical and autonomic
activities with audio stimulation in healthy
humans (Chen DD et al)Scand J Gastroenterol.
2005 Jul40(7)814-21.

• The study was performed in 10 fasted healthy
  volunteers and included 30 min at baseline, 30
  min of classical music via headphones and 30 min
  of loud household noises via headphones. The
  electrogastrogram (EGG) readings were recorded
  simultaneously with the electrocardiogram (ECG)
  recording. RESULTS Both classical music and
  noise altered the regularity of gastric slow
  waves. The percentage of normal waves was reduced
  during music and during noise. The reduction was
  attributed to a significant increase in
  bradygastria with the music and a significant
  increase in arrhythmia with the noise. The
  dominant frequency and power of the EGG were,
  however, not altered with either music or noise.
  Neither music nor noise had any effect on the
  autonomic function assessed by the heart rate
  variability.

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Ten well trained men 19-32 years old participated
in submaximal treadmill running for fifteen
minutes with or without music. Random order.
Music hooked on classics 3, Royal
Philharmonic   Results With music lower heart
rate and blood pressure during later phase of
running Lower lactate after exercise Lower
perceived exertion from third minute Szmedra L
and Bacharach DW   Effect of music on perceived
exertion, plasma lactate, norepinephrine and
cardiovascular dynamics during treadmill
running   Int J Sports Medicine 19 32-37
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Mc Kinney, Antoni, Kumar, Tims and Mc Cabe
Effects of guided imagery and music (GIM)
therapy on mood and cortisol in healthy
adults   Health Psychology 16 390-400,
1997   Healthy volunteers who were randomized, 14
participants in each group.   Measurements before
and after 13 weeks following GIM once every
second week six times, on every occasion 1.5 to
2 hours.   Additional follow-up six weeks
later   At the follow-up significant lowering of
serum cortisol, which was not observed in the
control group