Bild 1

1
SHARING Jurmala 11-14 May 2005
Local sustainability strategies a case study
in the Baltic Sea region
Lars Rydén Director Baltic University
Programme Uppsala University
2
Strategy tools may be used on many
contexts/levels

• Resources
• Products
• Industries
• Local communities
• Nations

3
Materials (resource) management strategies

• Materials management strategies for improved
  material flows
• I. Reducing the flow - use less material for a
  service
• 1. Use the material more efficiently. By raising
  the transmission voltage in a copper wire it is
  possible to reduce the amount of copper needed to
  transmit a certain current.
• 2. Increase the quality of the material. By
  increasing the strength of a metal, e.g. by using
  an alloy, less material can be used for the same
  purpose. It has been estimated that the Eiffel
  tower in Paris today could be built with one
  seventh of the steel content it actually has.
• 3. Miniaturization - use a smaller equipment. By
  making an equipment smaller less material is
  used. Computers, now based on miniaturized
  electronic components, such as silicon chips,
  provides a dramatic example. A much smaller
  computer serves the same functions as a large
  machine earlier.
• 4. Multi-functionality - Let the equipment serve
  several purposes. Multi-functional use of
  products offers another opportunity for reducing
  the need for materials for a given function. For
  example, a roof-mounted solar collector can also
  function as roofing.
• II. Slowing down the flow - make the material
  last longer
• 5. Improve the quality to make the equipment last
  longer. By making the products last longer, for
  example by increased quality, the same amount of
  materials can provide services for longer and
  therefore the amount of materials for a given
  service can be reduced.
• 6. Protect the material in the equipment better.
  Materials can be protected from wear or
  corrosion. Modern cars last much longer than
  those from before due to a better protection of
  the surface.
• 7. Better maintenance. By regular maintenance and
  by using equipment that can be maintained
  properly the equipment or material can be used
  longer.
• 8. Reparability - Make the equipment more easy to
  repair. Reparability, for example through a
  modular construction of equipment, will increase
  the longevity of the materials used.
• III. Closing the flow - use the material again
• 9. Reuse the goods itself. Most goods or
  equipment are of course used more than once. In
  some instances a proper strategy is required to
  make this happen, as with glass bottles that may
  be refilled.
• 10. Recycle materials in production processes.
  Many different strategies are applicable in the
  industrial production process to reduced material
  intensity. This is part of waste management
  strategies. Thus manufacturing waste can fed back
  into earlier material-processing steps, as when
  for example copper scrap in the manufacturing of
  copper wires is fed back into the process.
• 11. Recycle materials in consumer goods - true
  recycling. Materials in consumer goods may be
  recycled. This is particularly important for
  materials that is toxic, such as heavy metals, or
  materials that are expensive to produce, such as
  aluminium. Important cases are thus recycling of
  the metal in aluminium cans and the lead in
  lead-acid batteries. Recycling of the material to
  the same use once again is true recycling.
• 12. Cascading or down-cycling of materials. In
  many cases the there is an inevitable loss of
  quality in materials when it is used. However it
  may be apt for a different use requiring less
  quality. This is down-cycling or cascading. The
  typical example is paper where the fibres in the
  paper itself is going through a wearing process,
  which limits the use to about six cycles. The
  chain might start with high quality paper going
  over newspaper to cardboard paper. The chain or
  spiral ends when the material is used for energy
  production in combustion.
• IV. Substitute the flow - Use a different, less
  harmful, material
• 13. Substitute a harmful material for a less
  harmful one. Transmaterilization means that one
  material is exchanged for another. An important
  aspect is when a hazardous material is exchanged
  for a less harmful one. The exchange of mercury
  in a number of applications, from barometers to
  teeth repair, belongs to this category as does
  the exchange of many solvents used for painting.
• 14. Substitute a scarce material for a less
  scarce one. Sometimes it is important to find a
  less scarce material for a particular use. When
  substituting cooper wires in telephone
  connections for fiberoptic cables this one
  example.

4
Development of Industrial production

• Cleaner Production technologies
• Environmental auditing
• EMS, IMS TQM etc
• Estimation of economic viability follows well
  known tools
• Tools for estimating social viability is less
  well developed

5
Product development

• Calculation of total environmental impact follows
  from Life Cycle Assessment, LCA
• Estimation of economic viability follows well
  known tools
• Tools for estimayting social viability is less
  well developed

6
Product developmentEcodesign strategy wheel
7
Product
Think Chair was developed by the company
Steelcase Inc. in close collaboration between
researchers, manufacturers and designers.
The Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)
of Think Chair, created according to ISO 14025
LCA,  accounts for resource depletion, waste,
global warming potential,
8
What about a city?
9
How to design a sustainable city ?
10
Sustainable Development of Local communities

• Policy instruments
• EMS, IMS, TQM etc
• Estimation of economic viability follows well
  known tools
• Tools for estimating social viability is less
  well developed

11
www.Balticuniv.uu.se/buuf 
Baltic University Urban Forum The Baltic
University Urban Forum is a cooperation between
cities/towns and universities in the Baltic Sea
region to develop strategies for sustainable
development for cities and towns.
12
Baltic University Urban Forum 40 Project
partners, 20 teams

• 2 networks, Baltic University Programme and Union
  of Baltic Cities
• (BUP 183 universities UBC 104 cities)
• 20 cities (municipalities) in 9 countries
• 15 universities working with the cities
• 3 NGOs
• The 40 partners form 20 teams, one for each city
• Business partners, may be invited by hosts for
  the conferences

13
Partner cities/towns

• Uppsala, Sweden
• Enköping, Sweden
• Örebro, Sweden
• Hällefors, Sweden
• Norrtälje, Sweden
• Nacka, Sweden
• Hågaby, Sweden
• Turku, Finland
• Hamburg, Germany
• Tartu, Estonia

• Jelgava, Latvia
• Livani, Latvia
• Tukums, Latvia
• Kaunas, Lithuania
• Sopot, Poland
• Kosakowo, Poland
• Lodz, Poland
• Kaliningrad, Russia
• Novgorod, Russia,
• Minsk, Belarus

14
The SUPERBS reports
15
Best Practice Conferences 2003-04

• Water management, Enköping, Sw Sept 7-8, 2003
• 2. Urban green structures, Kaunas, Lt Oct 10-12,
  2003,
• 3. Urban-Rural Cooperation, Jelgava, Lv Mar 3-5,
  2004
• 4. Socio-economic development, Livani, Lv Mar
  5-7, 2004
• 5. Energy management, Uppsala, Sw Apr 21-23, 2004
• 6. Education and information, Nacka, Sw Apr
  23-25, 2004
• 7. Rebuilding the city and restoration of
  brownfields, Hamburg, De June 4-6, 2004
• 8. Traffic and transportation, Örebro, Sw, Sept
  1-3, 2004
• 9. Integration of management of the sustainble
  city, Hågaby, Sw, Sept 3-5, 2004
• 10. Waste management, Åbo/Turku, Fi Oct 28-30,
  2004

16
BUUF Conferences spring 2005The second round of
best practice conferences more workshop character
- presentations and implementation discussion,

• 1. Tartu and Tukums 6-9 April 2005
• Integration of Water-Energy-Waste flows
• Water-Energy-Waste management
• Jurmala conference 11-14 May 2005
• Integration of sustainability strategies,
  Sharing experiences
• One BUUF workshop/parallel session on indicators
• 2. Lodz 5-8 June 2005
• Integration of Traffic-Rebuilding-Green
  structures
• Traffic-Rebuilding-Green structures management
• 3. Norrtälje-Hällefors 31 August- 4 September
  2005
• Integration of Socio-economic development
• (education urban-rural cooperation)

17
Three sectors of urban management

• Urban flows
• 1. Energy management
• 2. Water management
• 3. Waste management
• Urban planning
• 4. Traffic and transport
• 5. Urban Green structures and culture
• 6. Rebuilding the city, brown fields
• Urban development
• 7. Socio-Economic development
• 8. Urban rural cooperation
• 9. Information and education
• Integration of urban management

18
Topics of urban management

• Structure
• Infrastructures
• Organisation
• Process
• Flows
• Materials

19
Urban flows Water-Energy-Waste

• Water is connected to material flows and
  resulting in waste, such as BOD, N, P and sludge
• Energy is connected to material flows, and
  resulting in waste, such as carbon dioxide, ash
  etc
• Waste as carrier of energy and material

20
The metabolism of the city is like that of us.
Energy, water and matter goes in Waste goes
out. Energy is carried by matter. It is one
system.
21
The apple contains energy, matter and water It
generates waste
22
The systems approach

• - energy content in waste water
• - energy content in soil waste
• - energy content in air from ventilation
• - the waste in water flows (e.g. nitrogen
• and phophorus)
• - the waste in air flows (e.g. sulphur)

23
(No Transcript)
24
Urban flows strategies observed in the BUUF
project

• Reduction
• Using less energy
• Using less water
• Replacing
• Using renewables, fossil free municipalities
• Using less toxic, e.g. outphasing Hg
• Rescaling downscaling and upscaling
• Upscaling heating district heating
• Downscaling heating heat pumps, individual
  boilers
• Upscaling water flows sewage, WWTP
• Recycling
• Recycling waste flows (product reuse, material
  recycle, incinerate)
• Recycle nutrient flows (compost, production of
  biogas, nutrients to fields)

25
Strategies of local sustainability
Strategy Reduce Replace Rescale Recycle
Urban flows Resource efficiency Resource choice Household/ municipality Integrate flows
Urban planning Urban healing/densification New uses One family/ multifamily apartments Multifunctional neigh-boorhoods
Urban deve- lopment Reduced consumption Different consumption Local production Local markets
26
A special case of recycling Integrated resource
flows
27
Integration of urban flows

• Cases
• 1. Organic waste fermented to produce biogas to
  be used for buses
• (several Swedish municipalities)
• 2. Wastewater to energy forests to produce wood
  chips for energy
• (Enköping)
• 3. Wastewater to mussel banks to canned mussel
  to food (Varberg)
• Cycling
• 1. Carbon cycle is closed
• 2. Carbon cycle is closed, in addition linear
  nitrogen and
• phosphorus flows decreased, and cadmium
  decreased
• 3. Nitrogen flows closed
• Gains
• Environmental gains flows closed
• Economic gains money flows stays in the local
  community
• Welfare gains better environment, better water,

28
A special case of rescaling - Localised resource
flows
29
Localisation - Local resource flows

• Local energy provision
• - Solar panels (households or fields)
• - Bio energy from close-by farmers
• - Heat pumps
• - Local hydro-, wind-, wave power
• Local nutrient flows
• - urine from separating toilets to local farmers
• - sludge to local uses (composting /
  fermentation)
• - wastewater to local uses (energy forests etc)
• Local markets
• - municipalities buying from local companies
• - recycling arrangements
• - local currencies
• - locally produced food

30
Both recycling and localised resource flows are
systems approaches
31
The Swedish LIP programme

• Local Investment programme, 1998-2002
• 600 MSEK (65 MEuro) to 161 municipalities for 577
  local projects
• 29 waste energy projects
• 230 district or near heating projects
• 225000 tonnes of oil replaced with biomass

32
Experiences from the LIP

• Waste energy from local factories goes to
  district heating
• 7 industries cooperated in heat production
• Biogas production from organic waste
• Smart solutions often possible
• Stake holder cooperation recommended
• Industries could save energy to 50
• Residential areas could save energy by 38
• 225000 tonnes of oil replaced with biomass
• Very large economic savings possible
• Why is it not done? The role of public and
  business

33
Alternative energy strategies

• Housing sector (About 30 of energy budget)
• Energy efficient houses more common
• Biomass in increasing
• Heat pumps increasing in Sweden
• Solar panels slowly increasing
• Value of increased efficiency
• 19 BSEK in Sweden alone

34
How to implement sustainabilty strategies

• Management systems
• Management centres

35
Incentives

• Economy
• Dominating incentive for households
• A municipality can accept investments also with
  low interest rates
• Quality
• Especially for water, it is important
• Heating it is as well important
• Environmental
• Legally required in many cases (EU directives)
• Recycle nutrient flows (compost, production of
  biogas, nutrients to fields)

36
Evaluation of urban flows

• Evaluate the process by consequences for economy
  and health
• - Save money taking care of energy
• - Improve health and wellbeing less pollution,
  better waste management, will lead to
  better health

37
Monitoring -indicators

• Indicators developed for each of the nine
  categories
• Monitoring for urban management
• Often required for EU directives
• Used for reporting, e.g. GRI (Global Reporting
  Initiative)

38
Management systems

• Management systems
• EMS (environment management systems) e.g. ISO
  14001)
• IMS (integrated management systems) health and
  economy can be included
• Private/public choice

39
entre
A Mobility Centre

• The
• A Mobility Centre is the operating unit at the
  urban/regional level, where Mobility Services are
  initiated, organised and provided. The
  establishment of a Mobility Centre is an
  important milestone and serves as a
  crystallisation point for Mobility Management.
• There are two basics for a Mobility Centre
• - a multi-modal approach in the provision of
  services
• individual access for the public via personal
  visit, phone,
• fax, e-mail, information terminals or online
  services
• A Mobility Centre concentrates all services and
  thus serves as a platform - a place for
  communication and exchange. Its presence can give
  Mobility Management a public face and, thus,
  promote its presence in the transport
  marketplace.
• .

40
Typical Mobility Management projects

• Car sharing
• Car pools
• Audio conferencing instead of meetings
• Coordinated deliveries of goods
• Distance work
• Supporting local shops
• Supporting biking
• Supporting public transport

41
http//www.epommweb.org