Lab 1 Introduction, Classification, Kingdom Cyanobacteria

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Lab 1 Introduction, Classification,Kingdom
Cyanobacteria

• Principles of Biology II Laboratory
• BSC 1011L
• Associate Professor Pamela L. Pannozzo

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Systematics

• Study of biological diversity
• Phylogeny evolutionary history of a group of
  related organisms
• Taxonomy branch of biology concerned with
  naming and classifying biota into categories
  based on similarities and differences
• Morphology, embryology, fossils, DNA, RNA,
  proteins

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Taxonomic Classification

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Taxon
• Binomial nomenclature
• Dynamic

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Domains (3)

• Bacteria, Archae, Eukarya
• Based on
• Cell type (eukaryotic vs. prokaryotic)
• Cell wall, plasma membrane, organization of
  genetic material, flagellar structure, DNA, RNA
  sequences

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Prokaryotic Classification (Campbell)

• Domain Bacteria
• (Old classification Kingdom Monera, Kingdom
  Eubacteria)
• Kingdom Proteobacteria
• Kingdom Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Kingdom Cyanobacteria
• Kingdom Spirochetes
• Kingdom Chlamydia
• Domain Archae
• (Old classification Kingdom Archaebacteria)
• Kingdom Euryarchaeota
• Kingdom Crenarchaeota
• Kingdom Korarchaeota
• Kingdom Nanoarchaeota

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Domain Archae

• Extremophiles
• Single circular chromosome
• No peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Unique ribosomal RNA sequences
• Some with organelles and cytoskeleton
• Some undergo phoosynthesis

• Methanogens
• Halophiles
• Thermoacidophiles

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Domain Bacteria

• True bacteria
• Single circular chromosome
• Peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Chemo- and photo-autotrophs, and heterotrophs
• No organelles or cytoskeleton
• Non-pathogenic and pathogenic

• Pathogenic and non-pathogenic
• Symbiotic relationships
• Decomposers
• Morphology
• Cocci, Bacilli, Spirilla
• Commercial uses
• Sewage treatment, oil spills, antibiotics,
  textiles, food production

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Eutrophication Bloom
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Bacteria Morphology
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Kingdom Cyanobacteria

• Earliest oxygenic photoautotrophfossils 3.5 by
  old
• Primary producers
• 6CO2 6 H2O sunlight ? C6H12O6 6O2
• Nitrogen fixation
• N2 8 e 8 H 16ATP nitrogenase ? 2NH3 H2
  16 ADP 16 Pi ? NH3 H ? NH4
• blue-green algae/phytoplankton
• Gram-negative
• 60 genera
• Marine and freshwater, rocks, soils

• Morphological diversity
• Unicellular bacilli, cocci, spirilla
• Multicellular filamentous trichomes or colonies
• Chlorophyll, phycobilliproteins photopigments
• Heterocyststhick walled cells, protect
  nitrogenase from O2, site of nitrogen
  fixationround, oval, clear cells
• Akinetesdense, oval, reproductive cells
  developing in harsh environments
• Symbiotic relationships
• Blooms

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Genus Nostoc
? Round cells ? Heterocysts and akinetes
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Genus Cylindrospernum
? Rectangular cells ? Heterocytes and akinetes
heterocyst
akinete
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Genus Oscillatoria
? Rectangular cells ? Hormogonia
rectangular cells
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Genus Anabaena
? Cuboidal cells ? Heterocysts and akinetes
akinete
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Anabaena
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Genus Gleocapsa
Cellular sheath
Colonial sheath