Animal Cloning

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Animal Cloning

• Aaron Thies

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How Animals are cloned
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Important discoveries

• 1902-Hans Spemann split a 2-celled salamander
  embryo and each cell grew into adult hood.
• 1928- Spemann conducts successful nuclear
  transfer experiments.
• 1952- First animal cloned Northern Leopard frogs
  by Robert Briggs and Thomas King.

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More discoveries

• 1962- John Gurdon clones South African Frogs
  using the nucleus of adult intestinal cells
• 1967- DNA ligase is isolated
• 1970- First restriction enzymes isolated by
  Howard Temin and David Baltimore
• 1972- Paul Burg combines the DNA of two different
  organisms, the first recombinant DNA molecules

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Discoveries Continued

• 1973-Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer create first
  recombinant DNA organism. This is the first use
  of gene splicing
• 1977-Karl Illmensee and Peter Hoppe create a
  mouse with only one parent
• 1983 Kary B. Mullis develops the PCR reaction

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And finally to Dolly

• 1985- Ralph Brinster created the first transgenic
  livestock. A pig that produces a human growth
  hormone
• 1996-Dolly the first organism cloned from adult
  cells was born
• 1997-Scientists at the Roslyn Institute
  officially announce the birth of Dolly

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Dolly the Sheep

• Was created by Ian Willmut and his team at the
  Roslyn Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland.
• Not created out of embryonic material.
• Went on to live until 2003
• Had offspring normally.

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What animals have been cloned?

• Rats, cats, horses, pigs and deer
• Extinct and endangered animals
• Pyrenean ibex
• Guar

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Pros of animal cloning

• Animals could be engineered to grow human organs
• Genetic alterations of livestock
• Animals could be used to produce drugs or
  hormones
• Build up the populations of endangered species

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Cons of animal cloning

• Clones often are born with birth defects
• Very low success rate
• Less genetic diversity
• Undesirable traits could surface
• Animal rights could be at stake