Animal%20Cloning

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Welcome
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Animal Cloning
Hariom Yadav1, Shalini Jain1 and Mukesh
Yadav2 1Animal Biochemistry Division, National
Dairy Research Institute, Karnal-132001, Haryana,
INDIA 2SOS in Chemistry, Jiwaji University,
Gwalior-474011, M.P., INDIA Corresponding
author Email yadavhariom_at_gmail.com
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Cloning
Clone is a group of genetically identical cells
Clone is also an organism which is genetically an
exact replica of another organism.
Cloning is to duplicate a cell or an organism,
usually asexually, which is genetically an exact
replica of the other cell or organism.
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History of cloning

• 1962 - John Gurdon claims to have cloned frogs
  from adult cells.
• 1963 - J.B.S. Haldane coins the term 'clone.'
• 1966 - Establishment of the complete genetic
  code.
• 1967 - Enzyme DNA ligase isolated.
• 1969 - Shapiero and Beckwith isolate the first
  gene.
• 1970 - First restriction enzyme isolated.
• 1972 - Paul Berg creates the first recombinant
  DNA molecules.
• 1973 - Cohen and Boyer create first recombinant
  DNA organisms.
• 1977 - Karl Illmensee claims to have created
  mice with only one parent.
• 1979 - Karl Illmensee makes claim to have cloned
  three mice.
• 1983 - Kary B. Mullis develops the polymerase
  chain reaction technique
• for rapid DNA synthesis.
• 1983 - Solter and McGrath fuse a mouse embryo
  cell with an egg without a
• nucleus, but fail to clone using their
  technique.
• 1984 - Steen Willadsen clones sheep from embryo
  cells

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Contd
1985 - Steen Willadsen clones sheep from embryo
cells. Steen Willadsen joins Grenad Genetics to
commercially clone cattle. 1986 - Steen
Willadsen clones cattle from differentiated
cells. 1986 - First, Prather, and Eyestone clone
a cow from embryo cells. 1990 - Human Genome
Project begins 1996 - Dolly, the first animal
cloned from adult cells, born. 1997 - President
Bill Clinton proposes a five year moratorium on
cloning. 1997 - Richard Seed announces his plans
to clone a human. 1997 - Wilmut and Campbell
create Polly, a cloned sheep with an inserted
human gene. 1998 - Teruhiko Wakayama creates
three generations of genetically identical cloned
mice.
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Why we want to do cloning
Researchers hope that these techniques can be
used in researching and treating human diseases
and genetically altering animals for the
production of human transplant organs.
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Steps in Cloning
Step 1 Take any cell from your body, from the
skin, for example.
Step 2 Take an egg cell (ovum), from the ovary
of any woman.  
Step 3 Take the nucleus out of the egg cell.
Step 4 Put together the cell of your skin and
the egg without nucleus. It will start to
multiply forming a microspic ball of many
identical cells.
Step 5 In about 6 days place it in the uterus of
the woman.
Step 6 In 9 months a baby will be born just like
you, an identical twin of you without any
genetic characteristics of the woman who gave the
ovule and provided the uterus, and gave birth to
your twin.
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What is Basic principle of cloning
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Purpose full cloning
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• Pros and Cons of Cloning
• PROS
• Produce animals with desirable traits.
• Increase the efficiency of the livestock
  production.
• Offset losses of among endangered species
  populations.
• Enable better research for finding cures to many
  diseases.
• Provide children for parents who would like a
  child but can't have one for various reasons.
• Provide parents with an opportunity to clone a
  child who has died.
• CONS
• Decline in genetic diversity.
• Taking nature into our own hands.
• Religious and moral reasons.
• Physical problems, such as birth defects.
• Possibility of mental and emotional problems of
  the clone.

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Applications of Animal Cloning
Animals as drug producers Gene farming
Animal models Models for human diseases
Breeding endogenic body tissue Transplantation
Xenotransplantation Animal organs ? Human
Livestock breeding and agriculture
Transgenic clones
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Thanks
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Ethics for Animal Cloning