Cloning and Cloud Atlas

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Cloning and Cloud Atlas

• JEREMEY FREELY ERIKA ONTIVEROS ISELA HERNANDEZ

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The History of Cloning

• Cloning had been thought of as a subject of
  speculation for most of the 1900s
• It wasnt until the late 1960s that the idea of
  cloning was taken seriously.
• Joshua Lederberg was an advocate of cloning and
  genetic engineering

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• History of Cloning (Continued)
• In the 1800s Hans Dreisch cloned a sea urchin
• In 1902 Hans Spemann cloned a salamander by
  splitting a two-celled salamander embryo in two,
  then letting each cell grew to be adult
  salamanders.
• Between 1902 and 1951 there were no major
  advances in regards to cloning.

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Mice Reproduction with Human DNA

• In 1928, Spemann then conducted the first nuclear
  transfer experiment , from this experiment
  procedure a different salamander clone was
  created. In 1952, Robert Briggs and Thomas J King
  successfully cloned tadpoles. In 1972, there was
  the first cloning of a gene, and later the
  injection of human DNA into newly fertilized
  mouse eggs to produce mice that are part human.
  By the 1990s the cloning technique started
  being used for cloning animals such as pigs,
  sheep, cows and rabbits.

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Dolly the Sheep

• A Brief History on Dolly
• In 1996, Dolly the Sheep was the first cloned
  animal
• She was cloned by the process called somatic
  cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)
• Though having been only 6.5 years old before
  being euthanized, her legacy allowed many other
  large animals to be cloned.
• The idea of human cloning began with the success
  of Dolly the Sheep.
• She was euthanized due to a progressive lung
  disease called Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis (SPA)
• It is speculated that she could have been born
  (cloned) as a 6 year old

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• Dollys birth was not revealed until February of
  1997. She was cloned at the Roslin Institute in
  Scotland by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues.

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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Human Cloning

• In 1998, Advanced Cell Technology was able to
  create a hybrid human clone by the same process
  as Dollys.
• However, in this case, a nucleus was removed from
  a mans leg cell and inserted into a cows egg.
  It was then cultured and it eventually developed
  into an embryo.
• It was destroyed 12 days later.

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Human Cloning

• In 2013, Shoukhrat Mitalipov published a report
  that they successfully cloned embryonic stem
  cells using SCNT
• In 2014, Robert Lanza reported that he and his
  team have replicated Mitalipovs successful
  results.

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Laws on Human CloningAcross the Globe

• Australia Prohibits human cloning. As of 2006,
  therapeutic cloning and creation of human embryos
  for stem cell research is legal.
• Britain- In February 2003, the government
  approved work on frozen embryos left over from in
  vitro fertilization, and will allow strictly
  regulated therapeutic cloning. Scientists apply
  for licenses, submit to grilling from fellow
  academics, file reports on how the embryos are
  being used and entertain inspectors unannounced.
  In December it launched the world's first
  human-stem-cell bank to maintain the cell lines,
  manage the intellectual-property rights and make
  cells available to scientists
• Canada Prohibits human cloning, cloning stem
  cells, growing human embryos for research,
  buying/selling embryos, reproductions cells and
  material

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Continued Cloning Laws

• Singapore - The government of Singapore approved
  stem-cell and therapeutic-cloning research in
  July and now wants to transform itself into a
  world-class life sciences hub by 2010. It is
  building a state-of-the-art biomedical RD
  center, called Biopolis, to bring together
  venture capitalists, researchers, clinical
  scientists and academics.
• United Kingdom Prohibits reproductive cloning
  Allows hybrid human-animal embryos for research
  for treatments in diseases
• Romania, Serbia, Greece, Spain, Portugal,
  Columbia and European Union all prohibit human
  cloning.

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United States of America

• Prohibits federal funding for human cloning. The
  states CA, AR, CT, IA, IN, MA, MD, MI, VA, ND,
  NJ, RI, and SD prohibits reproductive cloning.
  The states AZ, MD and MO prohibits use of public
  funds for cloning. Last year the House passed a
  bill that would forbid all forms
  of human cloning, including the
  therapeutic cloning that would be part of some
  stem-cell therapies. 

Congress can and should act to ban cloning of
human beings during this session. But it should
not act in haste, and it should not pass
legislation that goes far beyond what the
American people want or what the scientific and
medical community understands is necessary or
appropriate (Senator Kennedy ). Though cloning
is already performed with certain species, human
cloning is a more difficult procedure but if
more people were for cloning instead of against,
then the success human cloning would come sooner
rather than later.
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Cloning in Cloud Atlas

• Cloning technology is represented in Cloud Atlas
  in a negative manner. The clones were created to
  serve as free mindless servants called
  fabricants. These clones or fabricants are
  enslaved, abused, and even killed. They are not
  allowed any freedom, they are not allowed to
  think or speak for themselves, and they are not
  allowed to develop their own identity. These
  clones are taken advantaged of and treated
  unethically and morally wrong, not only by their
  boss, but by children, employees, and soldiers. A
  clone named Somni-451, proved that though she is
  a clone, she is very much human with dreams and
  needs of her own. These clones, if given the
  freedom, are very capable of building their own
  self identity all they need is that the
  opportunity.

Papas Song diner clones
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Uses for Cloning
Therapeutic VS
Reproductive

• Extracting embryonic stem cells
• Gene modification
• Drug production
• and other beneficial medical research
• The resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in
  the lab

• Reproducing an animal or a deceased pet
• Reproductive cloning is the production of a
  genetic duplicate of an existing organism.
• The cloned cells can be implanted in the
  females uterus.

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Is Human Cloning Ethical?

• This question is difficult to answer due to ones
  morals.
• On one hand, there is the scientific freedom of
  inquiry
• On the other, there is the sanctity of freedom of
  life
• - which is half-and-half in itself.
• It is unethical and ethical at the same time. It
  is a matter of ones personal stance on human
  cloning
• Some oppose reproductive cloning because of
  safety considerations.
• Many scientists believe that reproductive cloning
  can never be made safe.
• Human reproductive cloning would also threaten
  the psychological well-being of cloned children,
  open the door to more powerful genetic
  manipulation technologies, and raise other social
  and ethical concerns.

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Possible Repercussions of Human Cloning on Society

• If this were to happen in the 21st century, it
  would deprive others of work and income.
• It could affect the way society looks at children
  who are born this way.
• Clones will have an identity and individuality
  crisis
• Might be considered as products of a designed
  manufacturing process instead of as gifts
• Possibly be seen as scapegoats targeted by
  discriminatory groups against clones

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CLONING Its inevitable

• Isela Hernandez

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• The demand for human reproductive cloning is
  already evident. Calls for permitting it have
  come from gay men, lesbians and infertile couples
  who wish to have genetically related children,
  and from people who want to clone lost children
  or other relatives. They have cloned human embryos
  , but none has yet successfully grown past the
  early stage where they are solid balls of cells
  known as morulas. In the U.S., not all states
  have banned human reproductive cloning. The
  United Nations has adopted a nonbinding ban.
  If human cloning happens, it will "occur in a
  less restrictive area of the world.

• Yet human cloning will almost surely happen. In
  the past, other new reproductive technologies
  were also denounced at first but then they were
  adapted to serve human pro-creational needs and
  ultimately became commonplace practices. 
  Human cloning already has advocatesaccording to
  polls, six to seven percent of adult Americans,
  including, no doubt, many who cannot or prefer
  not to have children by conventional means.
  If human cloning is made reliably safe for both
  mother and child, market demand for it will gain
  considerable force, likely overpowering the
  residue of moral objection.

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Animal cloning is being done today. However,
human cloning is not. Human cloning isnt as easy
for scientist to practice because it is banned.
Many people are against human cloning because it
is unethical, but the people who cannot conceive
are against the ban and are for human cloning.
They see it as another means of being a parent,
like artificial insemination. Artificial
insemination was once ridiculed and not accepted
by many people, but as more success stories were
shared, the more people learned to accept it and
see it as a common alternative to parenthood.
Cloning Today
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To enslave an individual troubles your
conscience, Archivist, but to enslave a clone is
no more troubling than owning the latest
six-wheeler ford, ethically. Because you cannot
discern our differences, you believe we have
none. But make no mistake even same-stem
fabricants cultured in the same womb tank are as
singular as snowflakes.
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Works Cited

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• Details of Hybrid Clone Revealed. BBC News. 18
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•  
• Human Cloning and Human Dignity
• An Ethical Inquiry. The President's Council on
  Bioethics. Web. July 2002.
•   

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Works Cited

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