Whole Organism Cloning

1
Whole Organism Cloning

• Plant cloning
• Animals that clone
• Embryo splitting/twins
• Nuclear Transfer

2
Early cloning

• First successful clone of tadpoles in the 1970's.
• Transplanted the nucleus from a specialized cell
  of one frog into an unfertilized egg in which the
  nucleus had been destroyed by UV light

3
1996 Dolly

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
• Transplanted nucleus from mammary gland cell from
  white faced sheep to the enucleated egg of a
  black faced sheep.
• Stimulated with electricity to fuze and stimulate
  cell division

4
Dolly and Dolly
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Dolly cont...

• Dolly was shown to be genetically identical to
  the donor white faced sheep
• Dolly has reproduced through normal sexual means.
  
• Other mammals that have been cloned through the
  same method include cows, pigs, monkeys, and mice.

6
Why Clone?

• Mass produce plants or animals with desired
  qualities
• Prize winning orchid
• GE sheep to produce insulin
• Normal breeding could deselect the desired trait
• Replace lost or deceased family pets
• Repopulating endangered or extinct species
• Therapeutic Cloning

7
Problems with Cloning

• Current Success rate of only 1-4
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Time lag
• Environmental conditioning
• Ethics

8
Problems with Cloning

• Current Success rate of only 1-4
• Mitochondrial DNA
• Time lag
• Environmental conditioning
• Ethics

9
More Problems

• Finding sufficient source of eggs and surrogate
  mothers
• Genetic abnormalities hearts, lungs, blood
  vessel complications, diabetes, immune systems
• Euthanizing embryos or infants can be considered
  unethical, especially with humans.
• Early Death - Telomeres

10
Human Cloning

• Therapeutic Cloning
• Make a clone of patient
• Extract stem cells from embryo
• Grow tissues for transplant
• Save a life
• Where would eggs and surrogate mothers come from?
• The Island

11
Links to Resourses

• How Stuff Works Cloning
• http//science.howstuffworks.com/life/genetic/clon
  ing.htm
• Cloning 101
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vq0B9Bn1WW_4
• TEDed
• http//ed.ted.com/on/MViO4vvywatch
• Nuclear Transfer
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vhepoJgGJtNc
• Wormhole Implications of cloning
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vdzJx2dl8MA8
• DNA Learning Center
• https//www.youtube.com/channel/UC8wZzNSXUHzv3Qijd
  OzeELA

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Make Your Own Notes

• Process of whole organism cloning
• Embryonic splitting vs SCNT
• Selective breading vs biotech
• Implications of cloning
• Plants
• Animals
• Humans
• Factors that may affect the clone