CLASSIFICATION

1
CLASSIFICATION
2
CLASSIFICATION

• OBSERVATION
• Many kinds of organisms
• Some similar to each other.
• wood frog,
• leopard frog,
• bull frog

3
CLASSIFICATION

• Others less similar
• fish,
• frogs,
• snakes

4
CLASSIFICATION

• Others very dissimilar
• people,
• pine trees,
• protozoans

5
CLASSIFICATION

• Why are some kinds similar and others NOT
  similar?
• Question to be answered later?
• How can we make sense of (explain) this
  diversity?
• How can we organize what we know about these
  organisms?

6
Answer CLASSIFY

• Similar types (species) grouped together,
  separated from other species.
• Then, group similar groups together,
• etc.

7
CLASSIFICATION

• Species kind of organism
• fundamental unit in evolution and ecology
• more precise definition soon

8
CLASSIFICATION

• Necessary? YES !!
• 1 million species of plants,
• 5-10 million species of animals
• fungi, protists, bacteria
• no good estimates of numbers of species
• Human mind needs to organize information.

9
CLASSIFICATION

• Classification system organizes biological
  knowledge.
• Classification itself is HYPOTHESIS about
  relationships, similarity because of common
  ancestry.

10
CLASSIFICATION Sequence of levels. Linnaean
system, from Carolus Linnaeus, 1740's

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• King Phil called old fat George stupid.

11
CLASSIFICATION Linnaean system
12
CLASSIFICATIONWhittakers Five Kingdoms, 1965

• Kingdom Monera (Bacteria)
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

13
CLASSIFICATIONWoese, 1985

• Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than
  thought previously.
• Domain Eubacteria (prokaryotic true bacteria)
• Domain Archaea (prokaryotic archaeans)
• Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms)

14
CLASSIFICATIONWoese, 1985

• Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than
  thought previously.
• Domain Eubacteria (prokaryotic true bacteria)
• Kingdom Gram-positive bacteria
• Kingdom Gram-negative bacteria
• Kingdom Mycoplasmas
• Kingdom Rickettsias
• Kingdom purple-sulfur bacteria
• and more
• Domain Archaea (prokaryotic archaeans)
• Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms)

15
CLASSIFICATIONWoese, 1985

• Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than
  thought previously.
• Domain Eubacteria (prokaryotic true bacteria)
• Domain Archaea (prokaryotic archaeans)
• Kingdom Thermophiles
• Kingdom Halophiles
• Kingdom Methanogens
• Kingdom ARMANS
• (Archeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganism
  Science vol 314, 22 Dec. 2006.)
• Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms)

16
CLASSIFICATIONWoese, 1985

• Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than
  thought previously.
• Domain Eubacteria (prokaryotic true bacteria)
• Domain Archaea (prokaryotic archaeans)
• Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms)
• Kingdom Protista
• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

17
CLASSIFICATIONWoese, 1985

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Did King Phil call old fat George stupid ?

18
Names

• Naming is different from classification!

19
Names

• Naming system also originated with Linnaeus,
  1740s
• Established for Plants in Species Plantarum
  (1753).
• Established for animals in Systema Naturae, 10th
  edition (1758).

20
Names

• Names are Latin binomials
• Genus species
• Examples
• Sternus vulgaris (European starling)
• Syringa vulgaris (Lilac)
• Parus atricapillus (Black-capped chickadee)
• Parus carolinensis (Carolina chickadee)
• P. bicolor (Tufted titmouse)

21
Names

• Some names are familiar
• Hippopotamus amphibius
• Alligator mississippiensis
• Azalea spp.

22
Names

• Modern rules promote
• Uniqueness (one species, one name)
• not two species, one name,
• not one species, two names
• Stability
• Universality

23
Names

• Three codes
• Animals
• International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
• Plants, Fungi, algae, etc.
• International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
• Bacteria Archaea
• International Code of Nomenclature of
  Prokaryotes