Europe and the Western Hemisphere Since 1945

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Europe and the Western Hemisphere Since 1945
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The New Europe

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Western Europe The Triumph of Democracy

• France From De Gaulle to New Uncertainties
• Charles de Gaulle (1890-1970), 1958-1969
• Fourth Republic
• Algerian crisis
• Fifth Republic, 1958
• Greater global presence
• Growth of the economy
• Weaknesses in the 1970s
• François Mitterrand (1916-1995), 1981-1995
• Reforms and nationalization
• Economic weaknesses of the 1990s
• Jacques Chirac (b. 1932) elected president, May
  1995

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The Economic Division of Europe During the Cold
War
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From West Germany to Germany

• Konrad Adenauer (1876-1967), 1949-1963
• Ludwig Erhard and economic recovery
• Willy Brandt (1913-1992), 1969-1974
• Ostpolitik (opening toward the east)
• Helmut Kohl (b. 1930), 1982
• Reunification
• Problems with reunification

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Decline of Great Britain

• Clement Attlee (1883-1967) succeeded Churchill
• Creation of the modern welfare state
• Margaret Thatcher (b. 1925), 1979-1990
• Thatcherism
• Problems over flat-rate tax
• Thatcher resigned, November 1990
• Thatcher succeeded by John Major and then Tony
  Blair

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Eastern Europe after Communism

• Little or no experience in democracy
• Rapid conversion to a market economy
• Poland and Czechoslovakia successful
• Desire to join NATO and the European Union

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Disintegration of Yugoslavia

• Marshall Tito holds together six republics and
  two autonomous provinces
• Slovenia and Croatia declare independence in June
  1991
• Slobodan Miloevícs government sent the Yugoslav
  army into Slovenia
• Captured one-third of Croatias territory
• Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia
• European nations and the United States intervene
  in 1995
• Cease-fire agreement, fall of 1995
• Kosovo, 1999
• Milosevic ended Kosovos autonomous status
• Kosovo Liberation Army
• Serbs begin massacring ethnic Albanians
• NATO begins bombing campaign to force Yugoslavia
  into stopping the attacks
• Miloevíc ousted in elections of 2000 and put on
  trial for war crimes against humanity

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European Union, 2004
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Western Europe The Move Toward Unity

• NATO, 1949
• European Economic Community, 1957
• Britain, Ireland, and Denmark join the EEU (now
  called European Community) in 1973
• Spain, Portugal, and Greece added in 1986
• Since then Austria, Finland, and Sweden have
  become members
• Treaty on European Union went into effect January
  1, 1994
• An economic and monetary union

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Emergence of the Superpower The United States

• American Politics and Society Through the Vietnam
  Era
• Economic boom after World War II
• John F. Kennedy (1917-1963), 1961-1963
• Lyndon Johnson (1908-1973), 1963-1969
• Martin Luther King (1929-1968)
• Desegregation, Civil Rights Act, 1964
• Voting Rights Act, 1965
• Race riots 1965-1967
• Vietnam War, Anti-war protests
• Richard Nixon (1913-1994) elected in 1968

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American soldiers on patrol in Vietnam
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Civil rights march, Alabama, 1965
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Shift Rightward after 1973

• Nixons presidency
• Watergate
• Jimmy Carter (b. 1924), 1976-1980
• Stagflation high inflation and decline in
  earnings
• 53 hostages held by Iran
• Ronald Reagan (b. 1911), 1981-1989
• Reverses the welfare state
• Military buildup
• Deficit spending problems
• George H.W. Bush (b. 1924)
• Bill Clinton elected in 1992
• Supported many Republican issues
• Period of economic growth
• Charges of misconduct and impeachment
• George W. Bush elected in 2000
• Terrorism

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The Development of Canada

• Lester Pearson (1897-1972)
• Welfare state created
• Pierre Trudeau (1919-2000)
• Industrialization and inflation
• Brian Mulroney (b. 1939)
• Sought greater privatization of state-run
  corporations
• Free trade agreement with the United States
• Quebec
• Parti Québécois headed by Rene Levesque

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Latin America since 1945

• Great Depression led to political instability
• Great Depression moved Latin America to modern
  economic structure
• Latin America began to develop its own industries
• By the 1960s still economically dependent
• Led to more political instability
• Debt crisis from borrowing from abroad
• Movement toward democracy
• American style of investing
• Growing nationalist feelings
• Organization of American States
• Concern about communism

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Political Trends in Latin America in the 1960s
and 1970s

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The Threat of Marxist Revolutions Cuba, Chile,
Nicaragua

• Cuba
• Fidel Castro (b. 1926) overthrows Fulgencio
  Batista and enters Havana January 1, 1959
• Ernesto Che Guevara (1928-1967)
• October 1960 U.S. trade embargo on Cuba
• U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba,
  January 3, 1961
• Failed Bay of Pigs invasion, April 17, 1961
• Castros social revolution had mixed results
• Gains in health care and education
• Agricultural diversification but still reliant
  upon sugar
• Collapse of the Soviet Union meant the end of
  subsidies
• Chile
• Salvador Allende (1908 1973)
• The CIA and Augusto Pinochet (b. 1915)
• Nicaragua
• Anastasio Somoza
• The Sandinistas and the Contras

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Nationalism and the Military Argentina

• Group of officers overthrows government, June
  1943
• Juan Perón (1895-1974), elected president 1946
• Increased industrialization
• Frees Argentina from foreign investors
• Eva Perón
• Overthrown by the military 1955
• Returns in 1973 and elected president, died in
  1974
• Military seizes power, 1976
• Disappearance of opponents
• Falkland Islands (Malvinas) War, April 1982
• Return of civil power Raul Alfonsin elected in
  1983
• Carlos Saul Menem elected in 1989 with peaceful
  transfer of power

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Barrio, Rio de Janeiro
Slum site south of Copacabana Beach in Rio
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Nationalism and the Military Brazil

• Getúlio Vargas
• 1964 1984 Military in direct control of Brazil
• Challenges of emergent democracy

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Mexican Way

• Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) controls
  Mexican politics
• Industrial growth in 1950s and 1960s
• Student protests, 1968
• One party system protested
• Protest in Tlatelolco Square
• Political reform Luis Echeverria and Jose
  Portillo in 1970s
• Registering political parties
• Freedom of debate in press and at universities
• Foreign debt
• Oil reserves discovered making Mexico dependent
  of these revenues
• Mid-1980s oil prices drop and Mexico could no
  longer service its debts
• Vicente Fox defeats the PRI to be elected
  president, 2000

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Society and Culture in the Western World

• The Emergence of a New Society
• The technocratic society
• Changes in the middle class managers and
  technicians
• Changes among the traditional lower class
• Leisure activity
• Education
• Student protests of the 60s and 70s
• Student radicalism
• The Permissive Society
• Sexual revolution
• Breakdown of the traditional family
• Drug culture

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Women in the Postwar Western World

• The return to traditional roles and the baby boom
• Smaller families due to birth control
• More women enter the work force
• Working women at lower wages
• The Feminist Movement The Search for Liberation
• More women gain the right to vote after World War
  II
• By the 1960s women began to assert their rights
• Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986), The Second Sex
• Argues that living in a male-dominated society,
  women have been defined by their differences from
  men and consequently receive second-class status

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Transformation in Womens Lives

• Women need to average 2.1 children in order to
  ensure a natural replacement of a countrys
  population
• Increasing number of women in the workforce
• Womens liberation movement
• Control over their own bodies
• Political activism
• Ecological activity
• Women reach out to other women

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The Growth of Terrorism

• Munich Olympic games, 1972
• Motivations
• Militant nationalism seeking separate states
• Attacks against the ruling government the IRA
• Palestinian terrorists
• Angry over the loss of land
• Rome and Vienna, 1985
• State sponsored terrorism
• Pan American flight 103, December 21, 1988

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Terrorist Attack on the United States

• Attack on the World Trade Center and the
  Pentagon, September 11, 2001
• Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden
• U.S. and NATO attack on Taliban-controlled
  centers in Afghanistan
• New government in November
• The West and Islam

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Guest Workers and Immigrants

• Labor shortages in the 1950s and 1960s in Western
  Europe forced reliance on foreign workers
• Refugees
• New restrictions on immigration

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The Environment and the Green Movements

• Ecological problems
• Major political parties in Europe to advocate new
  regulations to protect the environment
• Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986
• Green Parties
• Germany, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland

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Western Culture Since 1945

• Literature
• Theater of the Absurd
• Samuel Beckett (1906-1990), Waiting for Godot
• Post-war disillusionment
• Albert Camus (1913-1960) Jean-Paul Sartre
  (1905-1980)
• Postmodernism
• Art
• Center of Western art at New York City after
  World War II
• Abstract Expressionism
• Jackson Pollock (1912-1956)

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The World of Science and Technology

• Government and military sponsorship of science
• Radar, rockets, jets, computers, atomic bomb
• Computers
• Questioning of science and technology

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Varieties of Religious Life

• Catholic revival
• John XXIII and John Paul II
• Fundamentalism
• The Growth of Islam

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The Explosion of Popular Culture

• Popular culture and the Americanization of the
  world
• Motion pictures
• Popular music
• Sports
• Television

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Discussion Questions

• What steps have European nations taken to
  overcome their common problems since World War
  II?
• How well have Eastern European states fared since
  the collapse of the Soviet Union?
• How did U.S. involvement in Vietnam change
  American society and politics?
• What factors contributed to a religious revival
  at the end of the twentieth century? What were
  the political consequences of this trend?