A BRIEF HISTORY

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A BRIEF HISTORY
of Europe, Canada, Latin America, Australia
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Europes effort to colonize the world KEY
EXPLORERS
Prince Henry the Navigator Portugal established the earliest of the modern European colonial empires, and it all started with Prince Henry the Navigator, son of Portugals king. Henry sent more than 50 expeditions down the west coast of Africa, and established a School of Navigation, where students learned about astronomy, navigation, and cartography (mapmaking).
Columbus In the 1490s, the Spanish gave Christopher Columbus ships to search for a passage across the Atlantic Ocean to Asia. His first discoveries were the Bahamas, although he thought he was in Asia. His discovery of this New World later brought enormous wealth to Spain.
Cortez (Aztecs and Montezuma) Hernan Cortez, a Spanish conquistador, is famous for conquering the Aztec Empire in Mexico. In 1519, Cortez led an army to Mexico, befriended local enemies of the Aztec, marched to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, and captured Aztec leader Montezuma II.
Pizarro (Incas and Atahualpa) Another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, is famous for bringing down the Inca Empire in South America. In 1532, Pizarro captured and later killed Atahualpa, the last ruler of the Inca empire.
Causes of European Exploration
Looking for new markets (people) to sell their manufactured good. Because of the Industrial Revolution, Europe is making more goods than ever before and they need to find more people to sell things to Looking to more natural resources to feed the factories back in Europe. More natural resources more wealth Spread culture and religion PRIDE (whos got the biggest Empire)
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Colonization/ to colonize Act of directly settling and ruling conquered territories Imperialism Policy of Empire building stronger countries gain control of weaker one politically and economically
Australias Colonization
Reasons Remote location for Prison Colony (American Revolution meant the British couldnt send prisoners to Georgia anymore) Provided base for a trade route to Asia Didnt want France to get it (already had most of SE Asia)
Scramble for Africa
The Scramble for Africa, between 1885 and 1910, resulted from European economic and political development. During this period, European countries divided the continent of Africa among themselves. These countries included Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. No major nation wanted to be without colonies. Colonies in Africa and Asia made the Europeans feel pride in their country. This love for country is called nationalism.
Canadas Colonization
The English and the French explored and established settlements across North America. As the French and English gained more land throughout North America, they became rivals. This rivalry led to the French and Indian War. When France lost the war in 1763, Great Britain gained control of Canada.
Latin Americas colonization
The colonization of Latin America can closely be aligned to the colonization of North America. The region experienced a massive loss of indigenous peoples through warfare and more importantly, diseases brought by the Europeans. The slave trade fueled the labor in all of Latin America.
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Trace the Empires of Spain, Portugal, France, and
the UK
Color the Empires
SPAIN PORTUGAL FRANCE UK
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Impact of Europe Colonization on Latin American
Columbian Exchange exchange of goods and ideas between Latin America and Europe -- Food -- Ideas -- Animals (ex the horse) -- Disease The Europeans brought some improvements to the new land, but they also brought war and destruction in their quest to colonize the Americas. In particular, weapons and horses played a key role in the later struggle between Europeans and indigenous Americans for land and power. An unfortunate result of the Columbian Exchange was the introduction of diseases unknown to the people of the Americas. These people had few defenses against serious illnesses such as small pox and measles. These very contagious diseases hit the native people hard and reduced their population by millions. Part of the Columbian Exchange between Europe and the Americas included the Movement of many indigenous Americans to Europe. Movement of goods on shipping routes across the Pacific. Introduction of new crops to Europe and the Americas. Introduction of mass production and factory buildings to the Americas.
on Australia
The most damaging things the Europeans brought to Australia were diseases. Smallpox, for instance, was a new disease for the Aborigines. They had no immunity to the disease. It is estimated that half of the Aborigines died of diseases brought by the Europeans. The British guns gave the colonists a major advantage in fights. Many Aboriginal people living near settlements were killed or forced to leave. Those Aboriginal people who survived British expansion often tried to remain near their original homeland.
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Colonizers affect on Culture European countries
sent more than just people to their new colonies.
With those people came languages, religions,
beliefs and ideas. These new ideas had a
profound impact on the colonized people of the
Americas and Australia.
European Country Colony Ideas
Portugal Brazil Portuguese LanguageCatholic Religion
Spain MexicoCuba Spanish LanguageCatholic Religion
Great Britain CanadaAustralia English Language Christian Religion
France Canada French LanguageCatholic Religion
The religion practiced and languages spoken throughout much of Latin America are similar because the people were From the same indigenous group From the same country in Asia Colonized by the same countries One independent nation Why did so many aborigines die from diseases after European colonization of Australia? Europeans brought new diseases to Australia Eating habits changed An increased need for sewage facilities A shortage of soap The African slave trade grew because European nations wanted the captured Africans To work in the new factories. To replace the labor of the serfs. To work on the plantations in their colonies. To increase the number of soldiers in their armies. One impact of the African Slave Trade included Further blending of ethnic groups in Latin America. More opportunities for Africans to own land. Less shipping between continents. Africans brought their French and English languages to Latin America.
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Independence Movements CANADA
While many of Great Britains colonies fought for their freedom, Canada was able to gain its independence through peaceful means. Canada became part of Great Britain in 1763, after Britains defeat of France in the French and Indian War. Under British rule, Canadian settlers continued expanding west. The British North America Act of 1867 combined the provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec into a new country called the Dominion of Canada. This new country, which was part of the British Commonwealth, was allowed to have its own parliament and prime minister, but it had to be part the United Kingdoms military and shared a monarch with Great Britain. This arrangement worked until WWI, when many Canadian soldiers lost their lives fighting for the UK. Canadians decided they wanted more control over foreign affairs. In 1931, British Parliament granted independence to Canada. The final links between British Parliament and the Canadian government were broken in 1982. The two countries still share the same monarch.
Quebec In the 200 years since the Quebec Act of 1774, Canadas government has continued to pass laws to help Quebecs citizens preserve their language and culture. For example, Canada is bilingual, and Canadian law guarantees the right to preserve ones cultural heritage. There are some people, called separatists, who want Quebec to be an independent country. The people have voted on the issue twice, and have decided to remain part of Canada.
LATIN AMERICA
The governments of Spain and Portugal ruled most of Latin America for nearly 300 years. At times, the people who were being ruled by the Europeans grew restless. They thought about what it would be like to be free. The American and French Revolutions in the late 1700s encouraged Latin Americans in the belief that they might be able to overcome their European rulers. Three men in particular are recognized as leaders of the Latin American independence movement. These men are Miguel Hidalgo of Mexico, Toussaint LOuverture of Haiti, and Simon Bolivar of South America. Read a brief history of each leader in the table on the next page.
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Manuel Hidalgo (1752-1811) Mexico Mexican priest and revolutionary, educated at Valladolid (now Morelia, Mexico). In 1803 was given charge of the parish of Dolores, in Guanajuato. Padre Hidalgo worked to improve the economic conditions of his parishioners, mostly Indians, by teaching them to cultivate vineyards and operate small industries such as brick making. In 1809 he joined a secret society dedicated to freeing Mexico from the oppression of the Spanish colonial government. On Sept. 16, 1810, he issued a call for independence, the Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores) he proclaimed a crusade and was joined by thousands of Mexicans. He captured Guanajuato and Guadalajara in October, but although he had the advantage, he failed to march on Mexico City. On Jan. 11, 1811, his army was routed near Guadalajara by a small force of Spanish soldiers. Hidalgo fled north but was captured and shot. After the establishment of the Mexican republic in 1824, the priest was regarded almost as a saint. The state of Hidalgo was named for him, and the town of Dolores became Dolores Hidalgo. September 16, the day on which he proclaimed his revolt, is celebrated as Mexico's Independence Day.
Toussaint LOuverture (1743-1803) Haiti Haitian general, now known as "the Precursor." Born of slave parents near Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue (now Cap-Haïtien, Haiti), Toussaint was self-educated. He acted as physician to the insurgent army during the 1791 black slave uprising against the French colonial regime. After France abolished slavery in the territory in 1794, Toussaint supported the French rulers of the country against British invaders and was made a general in 1795. In 1801 he succeeded, after many struggles, in liberating Saint-Domingue from French control and became president for life of a new republic. In 1802 Napoleon sent troops to subdue the Haitians. Toussaint was defeated, captured, and accused of conspiracy. He was taken to France, where he was imprisoned and died the next year. He is honored today as one of the founders and heroes of Haiti.
Simon Bolivar(1783-1830) South America South American soldier and statesman, who was the principal leader in the struggle for South American independence from Spain. Bolívar was born in Venezuela, and was educated by private tutors in Caracas, and also in Spain. He established a revolutionary government at Angostura (now Ciudad Bolívar), and he was elected president of Venezuela. In 1819 Bolívar's army crossed the Andes Mountains into New Granada (now Colombia), defeating the Spanish at Boyacá, thus ending royalist rule there. Bolívar, with a vision of a united Spanish America, secured independence for Quito (now Ecuador) in 1822, which then became part of Colombia. To preserve the independence of the new nations Bolívar initiated a series of conferences in 1826. Bolívar sought unsuccessfully to maintain the political unity of the republic of Colombia. He resigned the presidency of the republic in August 1828, and then assumed dictatorial control the next month. Unable to pacify contending factions, he relinquished power on April 27, 1830. He died on December 17 of that year, a defeated, disillusioned, and hated man. Today, however, the memory of Bolívar is revered throughout South America.
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The 20th Century (1900-1999) Russian Revolution
For centuries, Russia was an autocracy ruled by a series of powerful and wealthy czars. The last of the czars was Nicholas II. Russia lost many soldiers and resources during WWI. Russian citizens, homeless and hungry, became increasingly unhappy with the czar, but he did not see the need to change the way he ran the country. In early 1917, riots broke out in the streets. Protestors outnumbered police. The army began turning against its rulers, and the czars family was captured and executed. Communists, led by Vladimir Lenin, took control. Communism seemed like a viable option for the starving and powerless people of Russia. The Communists reorganized the country and renamed it the Soviet Union. The new Soviet Union signed a peace treaty with Germany, and gave up a large amount of its land. Which was the cause of the Russian Revolution? The czar was executed. There were food shortages in Russia. The Germans showed signs of surrender. Soldiers did not know how to use their weapons.
WWI (World War I) 1914-1918
Alliances of WWI
Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Bulgaria Ottoman Empire
What is the spark the starts WWI? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary What is the spark the starts WWI? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary What is the spark the starts WWI? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
Who won WWI? The Allied Powers (though both sides sustained heavy losses in this war of attrition) Who won WWI? The Allied Powers (though both sides sustained heavy losses in this war of attrition) Who won WWI? The Allied Powers (though both sides sustained heavy losses in this war of attrition)
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Causes of WWI While one event sparked the
beginning of WWI, decades of rivalry and tension
among European nations led up to that moment in
1914.
Demand (and competition) for raw materials, markets and cheap labor Tense environment of competition and military build-up

By late 1800s most of the world was divided into colonies by Europeans Fierce rivalries developed between European countries over their territories

European countries built up armies and navies to protect their territories European countries signed treaties agreeing to help one another in case of an attack. Outbreak of World War I (1914-1918) Key Terms to Remember Nationalism love of ones country Militarism using strong armies and threats of war Alliance agreement between countries to support each other against a common threat or enemy (I got your back.)
The Industrial Revolution
European powers expanded into Africa, Asia and
the Middle East

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Causes of WWI (Continued)
Effects of WWI (and Causes of WWII) The Treaty of Versailles explained what the winners would gain and what the losers would lose. Many of the leaders of the winning countries blamed Germany for WWI. They wanted the Germans punished severely. Germany was ordered to pay extensive reparations to the Allies, lost important territory (including all of its colonies), and was forced to reduce the size of its military. WWI left Europe economically weak. Many countries were in debt. Entire cities needed to be rebuilt. WWI Allies Britain and France borrowed heavily from the United States to cover their war debts and attempt to rebuild.
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The 20th Century (1900-1999) WWII (World War II)
1939-1945
Causes of WWII (and Effects of WWI continued) In 1929, the United States experienced a stock market crash. Businesses could no longer sell their goods because people had less money to spend. Businesses could not pay their debts, which led to closures and job loss. The US economy came to a screeching halt. When the US stopped buying goods, it hurt businesses in other countries. When US banks closed, banks in other countries suffered. This chain reaction led to a worldwide economic depression. As businesses and factories closed one by one, buying and selling almost stopped. Causes of WWII (and Effects of WWI continued) In 1929, the United States experienced a stock market crash. Businesses could no longer sell their goods because people had less money to spend. Businesses could not pay their debts, which led to closures and job loss. The US economy came to a screeching halt. When the US stopped buying goods, it hurt businesses in other countries. When US banks closed, banks in other countries suffered. This chain reaction led to a worldwide economic depression. As businesses and factories closed one by one, buying and selling almost stopped. Causes of WWII (and Effects of WWI continued) In 1929, the United States experienced a stock market crash. Businesses could no longer sell their goods because people had less money to spend. Businesses could not pay their debts, which led to closures and job loss. The US economy came to a screeching halt. When the US stopped buying goods, it hurt businesses in other countries. When US banks closed, banks in other countries suffered. This chain reaction led to a worldwide economic depression. As businesses and factories closed one by one, buying and selling almost stopped.
Rise of Nazism Germany faced many problems after WWI. It had lost lands with valuable natural resources, and the countrys industries and farms had been destroyed. The country needed to be rebuilt, but Germany was also faced with repaying the Allies for the war. These problems opened the door for the rise of Nazism as Adolf Hitler promised to end unemployment and poverty, and bring Germany back to a state of power. The Nazis said they could fix the problems in Germany. They blamed the Treaty of Versailles for many of the problems, and blamed Jews for the fact that Germans were not able to make a good living. As Hitlers strength grew, he made plans to go to war, and began sending troops into neighboring countries. Rise of Nazism Germany faced many problems after WWI. It had lost lands with valuable natural resources, and the countrys industries and farms had been destroyed. The country needed to be rebuilt, but Germany was also faced with repaying the Allies for the war. These problems opened the door for the rise of Nazism as Adolf Hitler promised to end unemployment and poverty, and bring Germany back to a state of power. The Nazis said they could fix the problems in Germany. They blamed the Treaty of Versailles for many of the problems, and blamed Jews for the fact that Germans were not able to make a good living. As Hitlers strength grew, he made plans to go to war, and began sending troops into neighboring countries. Rise of Nazism Germany faced many problems after WWI. It had lost lands with valuable natural resources, and the countrys industries and farms had been destroyed. The country needed to be rebuilt, but Germany was also faced with repaying the Allies for the war. These problems opened the door for the rise of Nazism as Adolf Hitler promised to end unemployment and poverty, and bring Germany back to a state of power. The Nazis said they could fix the problems in Germany. They blamed the Treaty of Versailles for many of the problems, and blamed Jews for the fact that Germans were not able to make a good living. As Hitlers strength grew, he made plans to go to war, and began sending troops into neighboring countries.
Alliances of WWII Alliances of WWII Alliances of WWII
Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia United States VS. Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan
Whats the spark that starts WWII? Germany invades Poland in 1939 Whats the spark that starts WWII? Germany invades Poland in 1939 Whats the spark that starts WWII? Germany invades Poland in 1939
Who wins WWII? The Allied Powers Who wins WWII? The Allied Powers Who wins WWII? The Allied Powers
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Holocaust
As part of Hitlers plan to conquer the world,
he began the systematic killing of every Jew
man, woman, and child under Nazi rule. This
planned mass murder is called genocide. The Nazis
imprisoned Jews in certain sections of cities,
made them wear special identifying arm bands, and
separated them from their families. This was only
the beginning. The Nazis built concentration
camps and sent Jews from the cities to these
camps. Many were immediately herded into showers,
which were nothing more than gas chambers that
could kill as many as 2,000 people at a time.
Thousands more died from forced labor, little
food, and exposure to the summer heat and winter
cold. By the end of WWII, more than 6 million
Jews were dead. While Jews were the largest group
of Hitlers victims, they were not the only group
persecuted during the Holocaust. Hitler targeted
anyone he felt was inferior the mentally ill,
the disabled, political prisoners, homosexuals,
and gypsies. When the Allies gained control of
the camps at the end of WWII, the survivors of
the Holocaust had no place to go. Many had no
living family members, and were trapped in the
country of their oppressors. The United Nations
divided Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish
state, Israel.

What is genocide? The division of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states The planned killing of a race of people Forced labor or slavery Relocation of people What actions did the United Nations take as a result of the Holocaust? Divided Palestine and Germany Defeated Hitler and freed the Jews Helped the Jews find jobs and shelter Created a Jewish state and made genocide a crime Which of the following is NOT a reason Hitler and the Nazis came to power? Hitler promised to rebuild Germanys military. Hitler protected the civil rights of all German citizens. The Treaty of Versailles angered Germans. Hitler said he would get back Germanys lost land. Who was spared in the Holocaust? Men Women Children None of the Above
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The 20th Century (1900-1999) Effects of the WWII
Rebuilding Europe World War II caused more deaths and destruction than any other war in history. About 50 million people died. Much of Europe was in ruins after the war. Bombs had destroyed homes, schools, hospitals, and office buildings. The United States started an aid program called the Marshall Plan, which gave billions of dollars to help European countries rebuild their cities.
Origins of the Cold War Differences of opinion between the United States wanting to rebuild European states with democratic governments and free-market economies and the Soviet Union wanting communist governments with centralized economic and political systems led to the Cold War. The Cold War is a term is used to describe the tension and rivalry between communist and non-communist countries. An Iron Curtain fell between communist countries, led by the Soviet Union, and non-communist countries, led by the United States. After WWII, the Soviet Union was still a strong nation despite its losses. It had taken over parts of Eastern Europe, and leaders of democratic nations wanted to prevent the Soviet Union from spreading its power beyond Eastern Europe. The United States needed strong allies to create a balance of power between East and West. In 1949, the US and 13 other non-communist countries formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Warsaw Pact was a similar agreement made between the Soviet Union and Eastern European nations. Each side in this Cold War thought the other was trying to rule the world. Neither side gave up, and people lived in fear that another world war might erupt.
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Rise of the Super Powers The US and the Soviet
Union, which fought on the same side during WWII,
and were both on the winning side, became bitter
enemies engaged in an extremely tense time of
political hostility and nuclear build-up. As the
Cold War continued, the US and the Soviet Union
increased their area of influence. More countries
allied with each. The US and the Soviet Union had
the ability to influence world events and project
worldwide power. The countries were evenly
matched. The world took sides communist or
democracy, socialist or free market.
As a world superpower, the Soviet Union had Support from NATO The largest navy in the world. Strong ties with Latin America A seat on the UN Security Council As a world superpower, the United States had The KGB, a spy network. Military bases all over the world Influence over communist dictatorships The second-largest economy in the world

Cuban Revolution 1959 For the first half of the 20th century, Americans owned a large amount of land in Cuba, and most of Cubas sugar cane crop was sold to the US. In 1959, Fidel Castro led a group of rebels against the unpopular Cuban ruler Fulgencio Batista. Castro took over Cuba, set up a Communist government, the only one in the western hemisphere. In 1960, Castros government seized US property in Cuba. The US responded by placing an economic embargo on Cuba. The Soviet Union became friends with Cuba, supplying weapons and other goods to Cuba. A lasting impact of the Cuban Revolution has been less political freedom for Cubans. While Cubans received benefits such as improved hospitals and schools from the Castro regime, most parts of their lives were controlled by the government. Cuba is one of the least free countries in the world.
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The 20th Century (1900-1999) Fall of the Soviet
Union / End of the Cold War
The Soviets influenced other communist countries
and dictatorships around the world. They occupied
the largest country in the world, had the third
largest population, and second-largest economy.
They had one of the largest stockpiles of nuclear
weapons in the world. As the Cold War
continued, however, the Soviet Union was spending
more and more of its resources in three major
areas putting down revolts within its country,
protecting its borders, and keeping up with the
US in the arms race. By 1985, the economy was so
unstable that Mikhail Gorbachev, the head of the
Soviet Union, reduced government control of
business and increased freedoms for Soviet
citizens. These actions helped improve relations
with the US, and inspired people in other Eastern
Bloc (Warsaw Pact) countries to demand freedom
from communist rule. After the Berlin Wall was
torn down in 1989, the Soviet republics that had
once been separate countries began seeking their
independence too. The Soviet Union was no more.

Why did Gorbachev reduce government control of the economy? citizens demanded more personal freedom other Eastern bloc countries were reducing control an unstable economy due to increased military spending he felt like it What marked the end of the Cold War? The rule of Gorbachev The creation of Russia The break-up of the Soviet Union The destruction of the Berlin Wall
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German Reunification and the Fall of the Berlin Wall 1989 At the end of WWII, the Allies divided Germany into four sections to keep it from regaining power. The US, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union each controlled a section. In 1948, the Western Allies wanted to reunite Germany, but the Soviets disagreed. The Soviets declared their section of the country East Germany the reunited sections became West Germany. Even the capital of Berlin in East Germany was divided into East and West. Many people tried to escape into the Western part of Berlin. In 1961, communist leaders built the Berlin Wall, which separated the communist part of the city from the free sections.Over the next few decades, the democratic West Germany prospered while communist East Germany deteriorated. As the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1980s, the Soviet hold on East Germany weakened. In November 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down, and Germany began the process of reunifying. People around the world celebrated. East and West Germany were made one country in 1990.
Zapatista Movement in Mexico The Zapatistas are a group of Mexicans who support improved rights and living conditions for Mexicos indigenous people. The group is named for Emiliano Zapata, who lived in the early 20th century and fought for the rights of native people. In the late 20th century, the Zapatistas were known for harassment and sabotage against the government. When NAFTA came into effect in 1994, some people in Mexico did not like the plan. They thought NAFTA would allow cheap farm goods to come into Mexico from the US. The farmers in Mexico would not be able to compete with the cheaper food. On the day NAFTA took effect, the Zapatistas took over several towns in their part of Mexico. The army was sent in to remove them. Fighting lasted several weeks, and ended in a cease-fire. The Zapatistas did not go away, however. They have control of some small parts of southern Mexico, and continue to argue that the indigenous people of Mexico need more help to improve health care, housing, education and jobs.