American Journey Textbook

1
Chapter 4

• American Journey Textbook
• Ms. Armand

2
New England Colonies

• A man named Burnaby thought that the colonies
  would never come together, however the colonies
  grew.
• In the 1700s colony started out with 250,000 and
  grew to have 2.5 million people in the mid
  1770s.the African Americans population grew at an
  even faster rate starting at 28,000 to more than
  500,000.
• Many immigrants moved into the colonies.
• Many of them were Europeans and Africans.
• Another reason the population grew so fast is
  because colonial women planed on marrying early
  and having large families.

3
Population And Farming

• Another reason the population grew so fast is
  because colonial women planed on marrying early
  and having large families.
• People wanted to live there because New England
  became an unusually healthy place to live.
• People in New England lived in well organized
  towns.
• In the middle of colony stood the meeting house
  it was used for church services and town
  meetings.
• Farming was difficult because of the long winters
  and thin rocky soil.

4
Commerce in new england

• New England had very small businesses. Women who
  made cloth,garments,candles,soap,and other
  various items for their family sometimes made
  enough of these products to sell or trade. Very
  large towns attracted skilled crafts people who
  set themselves up as blacksmiths,shoemakers,furnit
  ure makers, gunsmiths,metalsmiths,and printers.
  Shipbuilding was very important industry the
  region
• really relied on fishing.

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Colonial Tradesouthern colonies and northern
colonies are linked with other parts of the world
New England ships sailed south sailed along the
Atlantic coast trading with colonies and with
islands in the West Indies. They crossed the
Atlantic carrying fish,furs,and fruit to
trade.kahlil brown
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The Middle Passage

• The inhumane part of the triangular trade,
  shipping enslaved Africans to the West India ,
  was known as the Middle Passage.
• Olaudah Equiano, a young Africans forced onto a
  ship to America , later described the voyage
• With its trade, shipbuilding, and fishing, New
  England s economy flourished.

7
The Cities Developed

• Although good farmland was lacking in much of the
  region, New Englands population grew and towns
  and cities developed.
• The Middle passage enjoyed fertile soil and a
  slightly milder climate than New Englands .
• Farmers in this region cultivated larger areas of
  land and produced bigger harvests than did the
  New Englanders.
• The Middle Passage farmers sent cargoes of wheat
  and livestock to New York City and Philadelphia
  for shipment and these cities became busy ports.

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The middle colonies

• The main idea of this passage is about New York,
  and Philadelphia.
• In this passage they also talked about how the
  middle colonies enjoyed fertile soil and also a
  slightly milder climate than New Englands
  climate.
• Farmers in their region cultivated larger areas
  of land and produced bigger harvests which it
  made easier to sell.

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• In New York and Philadelphia farmers grew large
  quantities of wheat and other cash crops, cash
  crops are things such as food that can be sold
  easier.
• Cash crops could be sold in markets and overseas.
• Farmers sent their cargoes to New York, and
  Philadelphia for shipment and these cities
  became busy ports.
• By the 1760s New York with 18,000 people, and
  Philadelphia with 24,000 people were the largest
  cities in the American colonies.

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Industries of the Middle Colonies

• The Middle Colonies also had industries some
  were home-based such as carpentry and flour
  making .Others included larger businesses like
  lumbering,mining,and small-scale manufacturing.
  Several hundred were employed in an iron mill in
  northern New Jersey many were German.

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German Immigrants

• Most of 100,000 German immigrants who came to
  America and lived in Pennsylvania.
• They became successful farmers. They belonged to
  many different protestant groups. With the Dutch,
  and other non-English immigrants .They gave the
  middle colonies a cultural diversity, or variety
  that wasnt in New England .

12
Tidewater

• Many of the large plantations were located in the
  tidewater a region of flat low-lying plains
  laying along the seacoast so they could be
  shipped to market by boat. the planters wife
  supervised the main house and the household
  servants.
• A plantation also included slave cabins, barns ,
  and stables and outbuildings such as carpenters
  and even blacksmith shops and storerooms even
  kitchens were in separate buildings a large
  plantations might have a chapel and a school.

13
Backcountry

• West of the Tidewater lay a region of hills and
  forests climbing up toward the Appalachian
  Mountains. This region was known as the
  backcountry and was settled in part by hardy
  newcomers to the colonies. The backcountry
  settlers grew corn and tobacco on small farms.
  They usually worked alone or with their families,
  although some had one or two enslaved Africans to
  help.
• In the Southern Colonies, the independent small
  farmers of the backcountry outnumbered the large
  plantation owners. The plantation owners,
  however, had greater wealth and more influence.
  They controlled the economic and political life
  of the region

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The Enlightenment

• By the middle of 1700 many educated colonists
  were influenced by the enlightenment.
• It began in Europe which spread the idea that
  knowledge, reason, and science could improve
  society.
• The Enlightenment increased interest in science.
  It made people observe nature, staged experiments
  and their findings.
• There best known scientist was Benjamin Franklin

15
Freedom Of The Press

• 1735 Governor of New York John Peter Zenger of
  the New York weekly journal faced charges of
  libel for printing a critical report about the
  royal governor of New York.
• Andrew Hamilton argued that free speech was a
  basic right of English people. He defended
  Zenger by asking the jury to base there decision
  on whether Zengers article was true. not whether
  it was offensive. The jury found Zenger NOT
  GUILTY!!
• This was considered the mark of FREEDOM OF THE
  PRESS!!

16
Slavery

• The enslaved Africans on plantations
• By the early 1700s many of the colonies had
  issued slave codes these codes sometimes did not
  allow slaves to leave the plantations some made
  reading and learning illegal to teach the
  enslaved the punishments were to get whipped
  hanged or burned for their serious crimes.

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• The main idea of the section is that with their
  rich soil and warm climate The Southern Colonies
  were well suited to certain kind of farming.

18
The Southern Colonies

• With there rich soil and warm climates they were
  well suited to certain kind of farming.
• Because most settlers in the Southern colonies
  made there living from the farming land, they did
  not have the need to develop commerce or industry.

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Tobacco and Rice

• Tobacco was the principal cash crop of Maryland
  and Virginia. Most tobacco was in Europe, were
  the demand for it was strong growing tobacco and
  preparing it for sale required a good deal of
  labor.
• Planters used indentured servants who became
  scarce and really expensive, Southern Planters
  used enslaved Africans instead.

20
African Traditions

• African traditions is about how slaveholders
  could sell a family member to another
  slaveholder. They developed a culture that drew
  on the languages and customs of their west
  African homelands. Some enslaved African learned
  trades such as carpentry , blacksmithing or
  weaving. Those lucky enough to be able to buy
  freedom joined the small population of free
  African Americans.

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Criticism of Slavery

• The majority of the white southerners were not
  slaveholders slavery was played important role in
  the economic success of the southern colonies.
  The success idea was built on one human being
  could own another, some of the colonist didnt
  believe in slavery

22
English colonial rule

• Since Charles II was restored on the throne, some
  people werent satisfied.
• In1688 Parliament took action and James II
  (Charles II successor) took over the throne.
• This change ,which showed the power of the
  elected representatives over the monarch, came to
  be known as Glorious Revolution.
• Then Willam and Mary signed an ENGLISH BILL OF
  RIGHTS in 1689 guaranteeing certain basic rights
  to all citizen.
• Mercantilism The theory that a states or
  nations power depended on its wealth.
• Export To sell goods aboard.
• Import To buy goods from foreign markets.
• Smuggling Trading illegally with other nations.
• Navigation Act Directed the flow of goods
  between England and the colonies.

23
Charter Colonies

• The charter colonies were Connecticut and
  Rhode Island and they were established by
  settlers who had been given a charter or grant of
  privileges. Colonists elected whom ever they
  chose for governor and members of the
  legislature. Great Britain had the priviledge to
  approve the governor whom they chose but there
  was a twitch the governor could not veto the
  acts of the legislature.

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Proprietary Colony

• The proprietary colonies were Delaware,
  Maryland, and Pennsylvania which were ruled by
  proprietors. Proprietors generally ruled who they
  wished. Proprietors appointed which governors and
  members of the upper house of the legislature ,
  while the colonists elected the lower house.

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Royal Colonies

• By the time the 1760s came these colonies
  existed and they were Georgia, Massachusetts, New
  Hampshire, New jersey, New York, North Carolina,
  South Carolina, and Virginia so they became
  known as the royal colonies. Britain basically
  ruled all the royal colonies. In each colony the
  king appointed a governor and council which was
  known as the upper house. So as you can see the
  royal colonies did not have that kind of
  privilege like the Charter colony to elect their
  own governor and council.

26
Royal Colonies

• Colonists elected an assembly called the
  lower house. Many of the governors and members of
  the council did what they were told and it led to
  many altercations. These altercations mainly
  happened when colonists in the assembly enforced
  tax laws and trade restrictions.

27
British-French Rivalry

• Britain and France began competing to be the most
  powerful nation in Europe .
• In 1700 British and French were the two
  strongest powers in Europe.
• In the early 1700s Britain had gained control of
  nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson bay
  region.

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An Emerging Culture

• From the 1720s through the 1740s, a religious
  revival called the Great Awakening swept through
  the colonies.
• In New England and the Middle Colonies,
  ministries called for a new birth, a return to
  the strong faith of earlier days.
• Jonathan Edwards was one of their outstanding
  preachers of Massachusetts, his sermons were
  convincing and powerful.
• George Whitefield, an English preacher, had
  arrived in the colonies in 1739, he helped spread
  the religious revival.
• He inspired worshipers in churches and open field
  form New England to Georgia, The Great awakening
  led to formations of new churches.

29
Family Roles

• Throughout colonies people adopted their
  traditions to the new traditions of life in
  America.
• Religion, education, and the arts contributed to
  a new American culture.
• A colonial farm was both home and work place,
  women had had to cook, they made butter, cheese,
  and preserved food.
• They did things such as spun yard, made clothes,
  and tended chickens and cows.
• Men worked in the fields and built barns, houses,
  and fences, women in cities sometimes held jobs
  outside the home.

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Native Americans Take Side The Iroquois
Confederacy

• The main idea of this passage is. That it was a
  trade between the French an the British.
• They ware going to spilt the Native American.
• But most of the Native Americans went to the
  French.
• The French won the trade because they trade it
  furs for the Native.

31
Washington first command

• In 1754 Dinwiddie made Washington a lieutenant
  and sent him back to Ohio with a militia.
• Washington established a small post called fort
  necessity.
• the French surrounded Washington's soldiers were
  later released and returned to Virginia.

32
The Albany plan of union

• While Washington struggled with French
  representatives from new England, New York,
  Pennsylvania, and Maryland met to discuss the
  threat of war.
• In 1754 the representatives gathered in Albany
  ,new York.
• Known as the Albany plan of union, Franklins plan
  for 11 of the American colonies.

33
The British take action

• During the French and Indian war some native
  Americans fought on the British side and others
  against it.
• The war raged in in north America between the
  1750s and 1760s.
• England and France fought for the control of
  world trade and power on the seas.
• the British knew that the French were building
  forts.
• Their alliances with the native Americans allowed
  the French to control large areas of land.
• The French and their native Americans seemed to
  be winning control of the American frontier.
• The British colonist fought the French and the
  native Americans with little help from Britain..
• In 1754 the government in London decided to
  intervene in the conflict.
• Great Britain appointed general Edward Braddock
  commander in chief of the British forces in
  America.
• Braddock was sent to drive the French out of the
  Ohio valley.

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Braddock marches to Duquesne

• In June1755 Braddock set out from Virginia with
  soldiers and a colonial militia.
• It took Braddock's army several weeks to trek
  through the dense forest to fort Duquesne.
• On July 9 a combined force of native Americans
  warriors and French troops in ambushed the
  British .
• The British could not see their uniforms so they
  began to become confused in battle.
• Braddock called for an orderly retreat but the
  panic was great and he did not succeed.
• Braddock was killed and British was defeated.
• The survivors were lead back to Virginia.

35
The Fall Of New France

• The year 1759 brought so many British victories.
• The British captured several French islands in
  the West Indies and the city of Havana in Cuba.
• They defeated the French in India, and destroyed
  a French fleet that had been sent to reinforce
  Canada.
• The greatest victory of the year, took place in
  the heart of New France.

36
The Battle Of Quebec

• Quebec, the capital of New France, was thought to
  be impossible to attack.
• In September 1759, British general James Wolfe
  found a way.
• One of Wolfes scouts spotted a poorly guarded
  path up the back of the cliff.
• Wolfes soldiers overwhelmed the guards, and
  scrambled up the path during the night.

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• The British troops assembled outside of Quebec on
  a field called the Plains Of Abraham.
• There they surprised and defeated the French
  army. The British had won!
• James Wolfe died in the battle.

38
Pitt takes charge

• William Pitt oversaw the war effort from London
  he was the secretary of the prime minister.
  Britain prospects in America.
• Pitt decided that Britain will pay for supplies
  need in the war. After the French and Indian war
  Britain raised the colonists taxes to help pay
  the debt.
• Pitt had the moment when the colonists had to pay
  their share of the bill.
• Pitt sent Britain troops to North America under
  the command of such energetic officers .

39

• 1758 Amherst and Wolfe led Britain that
  recaptured at the Louisburg .
• Britain force marched across Pennsylvania and
  forced the French to abandon Fort Duquesne was
  renamed fort Pitt.

40
Trouble on the frontier

• They lost their French allies and trading
  partners.
• But they still continued to trade with the
  British.
• The Native Americans regarded them as enemies.
• British raised the prices on there goods.
• The French refused to pay the native Americans
  for there land
• British settlers began moving into the valleys of
  westerner Pennsylvania

41
Pontiacs war

• Pontiac wanted to join native American groups to
  fight the British
• In the spring1763 Pontiac put together an
  alliance.
• The native Americans failed to capture the
  important strongholds of Niagara.
• Native Americans killed stealers along the
  Pennsylvania and virgin frontiers in a series of
  raids called Pontiac's war.

42
Treaty of Paris

• The fall of Quebec and general Amhersts capture
  of Montreal the following year brought the
  fighting in North America to an end.
• In the treaty of Paris of 1763, France was
  permitted to keep some of the sugar producing
  islands in the west Indies, have to give Canada
  and most of its islands east of the Mississippi
  river to great Britain.
• Great Britain gained Florida.
• In return Spain received French lands west of the
  Mississippi river like, the Louisiana territory,
  as well as the port of New Orleans.
• The treaty marked the end of France as a power in
  North America.
• The Mississippi River was like a boundary between
  Great Britain and Spain

43
The Proclamation of 1763

• In the Proclamation, King George III said the
  Appalachian Mountain was only temporary for the
  colonies, and it angered people who owned land in
  companies.
• They ignored the Britain claims.
• The proclamation brought some tension that led
  up to war.
• More problems came up for the Britain colonists.

44
The Colonies Grow

• Between the 1600s and early 1700s, thirteen
  American colonies are established some for profit
  and others by religious groups seeking freedom.
• New England, the Middle Colonies, and the
  Southern Colonies develop diverse economies.

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• Although many different people live in the
  colonies, their values and beliefs, government,
  and educational institutions grow out of English
  traditions.
• Between 1650 and 1750, Parliament passes laws
  regulating colonial trade.
• In 1754 the French and Indian War begins.

46

• Form 1689 to 1763, France and Britain fight a
  series of wars.
• Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Britain
  obtains control of the continent.
• North America is divided between Great Britain
  and Spain.