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Splash Screen
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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Section 1 The Articles of
Confederation Section 2 Convention and
Compromise Section 3 A New Plan of
Government Visual Summary
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Chapter Intro
The Articles of Confederation Essential Question
How effective was government under the Articles
of Confederation?
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Chapter Intro
Convention and Compromise Essential Question Why
is the Constitution a document of compromises?
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Chapter Intro
A New Plan of Government Essential Question What
ideas and features are found in the United States
Constitution?
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Chapter Time Line
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Chapter Time Line
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Chapter Preview-End
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Section 1-Essential Question
How effective was government under the Articles
of Confederation?
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Section 1-Key Terms
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary

• constitution
• bicameral
• republic

• petition
• ordinance
• depreciate

Academic Vocabulary

• abandon

• clause

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Section 1-Key Terms
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events

• Articles of Confederation
• John Adams

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Section 1-Polling Question
How difficult is it to get a group of your
friends to agree on what movie to watch or game
to play? A. Very difficult B. Somewhat
difficult C. Somewhat easy D. Very easy

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
From Independent States to a Republic
The Articles of Confederation created a weak
central government and strong state governments.
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Section 1
From Independent States to a Republic (cont.)

• In May 1776, the Continental Congress asked each
  state to adopt a state constitution.

• Fearing a powerful single ruler, most states
  divided government functions between a governor
  and a bicameral legislature.

Capitals of the United States
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Section 1
From Independent States to a Republic (cont.)

• Americans agreed that their country should be a
  republic however, they could not agree on the
  organization and powers of their new republic.
• After much debate, the Second Continental
  Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation in
  November 1777.

The Articles of Confederation
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Section 1
From Independent States to a Republic (cont.)

• After New York, Virginia, and other states
  abandoned land claims west of the Appalachian
  Mountains, all 13 states approved the Articles.
• The Articles did not provide a government strong
  enough to handle the problems facing the United
  States.

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Section 1
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress
could do which of the following? A. Regulate
trade B. Force citizens to join the
army C. Impose taxes D. Conduct foreign affairs

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
New Land Policies
As people moved west, the country needed a
process for new states joining the Union.
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Section 1
New Land Policies (cont.)

• In 1784 Congress divided the western territory
  into self-governing districts that could petition
  Congress for statehood when the number of people
  in a district reached the population of the
  smallest existing state.

• In 1785 the Confederation Congress passed an
  ordinance that established a procedure for
  surveying and selling the western lands north of
  the Ohio River.

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Section 1
New Land Policies (cont.)

• The Northwest Ordinance, passed in 1787, created
  a single Northwest Territory out of the lands
  north of the Ohio River and east of the
  Mississippi River.

• The Northwest Ordinance contained a clause that
  was the first attempt to stop the spread of
  slavery in the United States.

The Northwest Territory
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Section 1
Which issue were people concerned about with the
Ordinance of 1785? A. The spread of slavery
B. Lawless people moving into western
lands C. One person buying too much
land D. Freedom of religion

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
Trouble on Two Fronts
Financial problems and disputes with Britain and
Spain revealed serious weaknesses of the
Confederation government.
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Section 1
Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

• By 1781, the money printed during the
  Revolutionary War depreciated so far that it was
  almost worthless.

• The weakness of the federal government under the
  Articles of Confederation made it impossible for
  the Congress to solve problems.

• The department of finance proposed a 5 percent
  tax on imported goods, but the plan was not
  unanimously approved by the states.

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Section 1
Trouble on Two Fronts (cont.)

• John Adams was not able to negotiate with the
  British because the states did not honor the
  promises made in the Treaty of Paris.

• Southern states blocked an agreement with Spain
  because the agreement did not include the right
  to use the Mississippi River.

• Americans began to agree that the country needed
  a stronger government.

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Section 1
Who honored all the promises they made in the
Treaty of Paris? A. Both Britain and the
United States B. Just Britain C. Just the
United States D. Neither Britain nor the United
States

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1-End
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Section 2-Essential Question
Why is the Constitution a document of compromises?
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Section 2-Key Terms
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary

• depression
• manumission

• proportional
• compromise

Academic Vocabulary

• convention

• amend

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Section 2-Key Terms
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events

• Shayss Rebellion
• James Madison
• Alexander Hamilton
• Virginia Plan
• New Jersey Plan
• Great Compromise
• Three-Fifths Compromise

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Section 2-Polling Question
In your experience, what is typically the best
approach to use when faced with a disagreement?
A. Hold your ground no matter what B. Attempt
to reach a compromise C. Accept the decisions
of the other side without argument

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 2
A Call for Change
The government under the Articles of
Confederation faced many problems.
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Section 2
A Call for Change (cont.)

• After the Revolutionary War, the United States
  experienced a depression.

• Suffering American farmers revolted against
  government treatment they felt was unfair in
  Shayss Rebellion.
• The Revolutionary War brought attention to the
  contradiction between the American battle for
  liberty and the practice of slavery.

Framers of the Constitution
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Section 2
A Call for Change (cont.)

• Between 1783 and 1804, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
  New York, and New Jersey passed laws that
  gradually ended slavery.

• Virginia passed a law that encouraged
  manumission, the freeing of individual enslaved
  persons.

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Section 2
Which group organized the first American
antislavery society? A. The Sons of Liberty
B. The Daughters of Liberty C. The
Quakers D. The Protestants

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
The Constitutional Convention
National leaders reshape the government.
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Section 2
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)

• In September 1786, Alexander Hamilton proposed
  calling a convention in Philadelphia to discuss
  trade issues.

• Edmund Randolph introduced the Virginia Plan,
  which was largely the work of James Madison. The
  Virginia plan

• Created a strong national government.

Virginia and New Jersey Plans
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Section 2
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)

• Called for a two-house legislature, a chief
  executive chosen by the legislature, and a court
  system.
• Made the number of representatives in legislature
  proportional to the population of each state.
• Was unpopular with the small states.

Virginia and New Jersey Plans
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Section 2
The Constitutional Convention (cont.)

• William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan,
  which was designed to simply amend the Articles
  of Confederation.

Virginia and New Jersey Plans
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Section 2
Who presided over the meetings at the
Constitutional Convention? A. John Hancock
B. James Madison C. George Washington D. Benjamin
Franklin

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2
Compromise Wins Out
A new Constitution is adopted.
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Section 2
Compromise Wins Out (cont.)

• On June 19, the states voted to work toward a
  national government based on the Virginia Plan
  that also satisfied the small states.

• Roger Sherman of Connecticut suggested a
  compromise for determining representation that
  came to be known as the Great Compromise.

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Section 2
Compromise Wins Out (cont.)

• The Three-Fifths Compromise counted each enslaved
  person as three-fifths of a free person for both
  taxation and representation.

• To keep the Southern states in the nation,
  Northerners agreed that the Congress could not
  interfere with the slave trade until 1808.
• George Mason proposed a bill of rights to be
  included in the Constitution, but his proposal
  was defeated.

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Section 2
Compromise Wins Out (cont.)

• On September 17, 1787, the delegates assembled in
  Philadelphia to sign the Constitution.

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Section 2
According to the Great Compromise, in which house
would each state be represented by two members?
A. The House of Representatives B. The Senate

1. A
2. B

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Section 2-End
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Section 3-Essential Question
What ideas and features are found in the United
States Constitution?
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Section 3-Key Terms
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary

• federalism
• legislative branch
• executive branch
• Electoral College

• judicial branch
• checks and balances
• amendment

Academic Vocabulary

• tradition

• reside

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Section 3-Key Terms
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events

• John Locke
• Baron de Montesquieu

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Section 3-Polling Question
How effective do you feel the present form of
American government is? A. Very
effective B. Somewhat effective C. Somewhat
ineffective D. Very ineffective

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
Roots of the Constitution
As the Framers wrote the Constitution, they
borrowed ideas from other political systems and
philosophers of the Enlightenment.
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Section 3
Roots of the Constitution (cont.)

• Although a uniquely American document, the
  Constitution has roots in many other
  civilizations and their traditions.

• The English Magna Carta and the English Bill of
  Rights of 1689 provided models for the Americans.

The Delegates Talk
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Section 3
Roots of the Constitution (cont.)

• The Framers of the Constitution also believed in
  the ideas promoted by European writers of the
  Enlightenment such as John Locke and Baron de
  Montesquieu.

• Federalism, or sharing power between the federal
  and state governments, is one of the distinctive
  features of the United States government.

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Section 3
Roots of the Constitution (cont.)

• Under the new federal system, the Constitution
  became the final and supreme authority.

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Section 3
The idea of protecting peoples natural rights
was reflected in the work of which of the
following? A. English philosopher John Locke
B. French writer Baron de Montesquieu C. King
George III D. Italian philosopher Niccolò
Machiavelli

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
The New Government
The Constitution divides and limits power among
three branches of government.
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Section 3
The New Government (cont.)

• Montesquieus idea of a division of powers led
  the Framers to divide the federal government into
  three branches.

• The legislative branch is composed of the House
  of Representatives and the Senate. The powers of
  the legislative branch include

• collecting taxes
• coining money
• regulating trade

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Section 3
The New Government (cont.)

• declaring war
• making laws

• The executive branch is headed by the president,
  who is elected by the Electoral College. The
  president

• serves as commander in chief of the armed forces
• conducts relations with foreign countries
• serves a four-year term

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Section 3
The New Government (cont.)

• The judicial branch is the nations court system.

• The nations judicial power resides in one
  supreme Court and any other lower federal courts
  that the Congress might establish.

• The Framers built in a system of checks and
  balances that prevents any single branch from
  dominating the government.

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Section 3
Under which branch of government are laws made?
A. The legislative branch B. The executive
branch C. The judicial branch

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 3
Debate and Adoption
After a much heated debate, the states ratified
the Constitution.
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Section 3
Debate and Adoption (cont.)

• Before the Constitution could go into effect,
  nine states had to ratify it.

• Supporters of the Constitution, called
  Federalists, included George Washington and
  Benjamin Franklin.
• People who opposed the Constitution, called
  Antifederalists, included Patrick Henry.
• Perhaps the strongest criticism of the
  Constitution was that it lacked a bill of rights
  to protect individual freedoms.

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Section 3
Debate and Adoption (cont.)

• Virginia ratified the Constitution after being
  assured that it would include a bill of rights
  amendment.

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Section 3
Which of the following was an Antifederalist?
A. George Washington B. John Jay C. Patrick
Henry D. Alexander Hamilton

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3-End
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Vocab1
constitution a list of fundamental laws to
support a government
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Vocab2
bicameral consisting of two houses, or chambers,
especially in a legislature
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Vocab3
republic a government in which citizens rule
through elected representatives
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Vocab4
petition a formal request
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Vocab5
ordinance a law or regulation
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Vocab6
depreciate to fall in value
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Vocab7
abandon give up
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Vocab8
clause a condition added to a document
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Vocab9
depression a period of low economic activity
and widespread unemployment
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Vocab10
manumission the freeing of some enslaved persons
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Vocab11
proportional to be the same as or corresponding
to
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Vocab12
compromise agreement between two or more sides in
which each side gives up some of what it wants
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Vocab13
convention formal meeting
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Vocab14
amend to alter improve
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Vocab15
federalism the sharing of power between federal
and state governments
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Vocab16
legislative branch the branch of government that
makes the nations laws
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Vocab17
executive branch the branch of government, headed
by the president, that carries out the nations
laws and policies
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Vocab18
Electoral College a special group of voters
selected by their states voters to vote for the
president and vice president
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Vocab19
judicial branch the branch of government,
including the federal court system, that
interprets the nations laws
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Vocab20
checks and balances the system in which each
branch of government has a check on the other two
branches so that no one branch becomes
too powerful
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Vocab21
amendment an addition to a formal document such
as the Constitution
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Vocab22
tradition cultural beliefs and practices
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Vocab23
reside to exist or live within
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