World War II

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World War II

• A look at the major countries involved, and how
  it happened.

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Germany
Seeds are sown at the end of WWI
Areas rich in resources, and areas of German
people taken from Germany
Loss of land
Unable to pay-off GB and France, had to rely on
help from US (ended with stock market crash)
Huge war payments
War never hits German soil Easy for people to
believe that they did not really lose the war
War never seen by non-military
Embarrassment of losing
Pre-war Europe all very patrioticcrushing blow
to collective German ego.
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Italy
Also bitter about WWI ending
Disappointed that after switching sides during
the war, that they were not included in the break
up of the Ottoman Empire Lands
Denied spoils of war that other allied nations in
Europe received
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Japan
Eager to join the worlds super powers
A chain of small islands, without major resources
like coal, iron and petroleum.
Countrys officials tired of reliance on other
countries like the United States, and want to
become self-sufficient
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Great Britain France
Greedy and nervous after WWI
Germany forced to accept all blame for initiating
the war, and pay for all of the Allies war debt.
Also had land taken away, and forced to
demilitarize important borders.
Blame Germany for entire war
Losses in human life and devastation to land
leaves huge impression
Most of the war took place in France. Craters
from shells still leave signs of the wars
devastation. Both countries were involved from
the start of the war and suffered huge casualties.
Hope to make it impossible for Germany to ever
pose a military threat again.
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U.S.S.R.
Occupied with the plan of forming new government.
Concentration on matters at home. New leader
Josef Stalin willing to do whatever was necessary
to follow through with revolutionary plans.
Suffered huge losses from WWI and in their
communist revolution.
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U.S.A.
Frustrations from the end of World War I lead to
a strong isolationist attitude.
Wilsons 14 points ignored by European countries
in Versailles Treaty
The war to end all wars idea seems like a hoax.
U.S. does not want to be pulled into Europes
problems again
Great Depression makes most Americans more
concerned with fixing situation at home than for
others.
Loss of jobs, and desperation at home much more
important than becoming mixed up in Europes
affairs
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Fascist Leaders emerge
Adolph Hitler in Germany
Benito Mussolini in Italy
X
AXIS
Yamamoto in charge of Japans Navy and the attack
on Pearl Harbor
Tojo, the leader of the Japanese military
Powers
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Fascist Leaders emerge
Adolph Hitler
Austrian-born that fought in WWI. Made a living
by selling his paintings
Joined with others who were upset about the
Treaty of Versailles, and felt betrayed by those
who had taken over German leadership. Blamed
Jews and other easy targets for their current
situation.
Emerged as the leader of a new group called the
Nationale Socialist Partei Deutchland or Nazis
for short.
After jail term for an attempted takeover of the
government, he emerged to an even more desperate
public, and eventually would be elected as the
chancellor of Germany.
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Fascist Leaders emerge
Benito Mussolini
Veteran of WWI, and a school teacher in Italy, he
was infuriated by the chaos in his country.
He joined Italys parliament in 1921, and by
1926, he was able to alter rules of election and
censorship, and assumed the role of dictator.
Came to power and established order and
productivity in the country. People jumped when
he said jump, or else they would likely be shot.
Italians allowed this to happen because, He made
the trains arrive on time.
In 1935, he invaded and took over the N. African
country of Ethiopia, and in 1936 he supported the
Fascist side of the Spanish Civil War.
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Fascist Leaders emerge
Tojo from a Militarist group-he forced the
Emperor to do what he wanted. He used religion
and peoples deference to the emperor to get his
way.
Yamamoto The leader of Japans Navy. He
orchestrated the attack on Pearl Harbor, and
became very powerful until he became too greedy
and over confident.
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Early Aggression
Germany
Want to regain land lost in Versailles Treaty and
unite all German speaking peoples
Rearmament 1935
Hitler begins rebuilding armed forces, and
military.
Remilitarize the Rhineland 1936
A direct violation of the Versailles Treaty
Contrived vote, Austrian agree to become one
with GermanyThe Anschluss
Annexation of Austria March 13, 1938
British protest, but relent after deal between
Chamberlain and HitlerThe Great Appeasement.
Invasion of Czechoslovakia Sept 29, 1938
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Kristallnacht Nov. 9, 1938
Nazis looted stores, burned synagogues, arrested
1000s, and killed more than 90 Jews.
Secret deal made with USSR in the Nazi-Soviet
Pact Aug 23, 1939
Agree to split Poland and not attack each other.
A secret part agrees that they would split
Poland, and allow USSR to take Baltic States
Introduction of Blitzkrieg, and quick takeover of
Poland. Panzer tanks and modern Luftwaffe daze
outdated Polish army. British and French realize
their mistakes and declare war on Germany.
Invasion of Poland Sept. 1, 1939
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Kristallnacht Nov. 9, 1938
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Effect of Blitzkrieg in Poland
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Japanese aggression

• Invade Manchuria (Mainland China) in 1931.
• Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
  Devastates U.S. Navy, and in the next year, they
  swept through and captured many Pacific Islands.

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Italian Aggression

• In 1935, they invaded Ethiopia. On May 9, 1936,
  Ethiopia was incorporated along with other East
  African Countries into Italian East Africa
• In Sept. of 36, Hitler and Mussolini formed the
  Berlin-Rome Axis.
• 1940 losses in Egypt and Greece forced them to
  get help from Germany and gave Germany greater
  control of Italy.

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U.S.A. involvement

• Hold to isolationist policy until the attack of
  Pearl Harbor.
• Assist the Allied countries through trade, and
  military production. In 1941, the Lend-Lease Act
  was enacted, allowing the president to lend or
  lease weapons and other aid to any country he
  felt needed them.
• Declare war on Japan after the attack on Pearl
  Harbor. Germany sub sequentially declares war on
  the United States.

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Early war in Europe

• British not ready for war
• French rely on the Maginot Line Steel and
  concrete barricade built from Belgium to
  Switzerland (would have been great in WWI)
• Germanys Blitzkrieg goes around and over the
  line, and they are in Paris by June of 1940.
• Germany sets up a puppet government in France
  (Vichy France)

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Battle of Britain

• Summer of 1940, Germany began attacking Britain,
  hoping to starve it and destroy its air force and
  industrial centers.
• New invention, RADAR, saves Britain, and losses
  to German air force, forces it to begin attacks
  at night.
• British withstand 71 major attacks between then
  and May of 1941.

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Battle of Britain
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Allied Leaders
Great Britains Winston Churchill
USAs Franklin Delano Roosevelt
USSRs Josef Stalin
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Sir Winston Churchill

• Longtime politician in Great Britain
• Unpopular for his early denunciations of Hitler
  and Germany.
• 1940, Chamberlain was pushed out, and Churchill
  was asked to take over.
• Early speeches motivated and inspired British
  citizens to withstand German attacks.
• Famous for his oratory skills.

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FDR

• Elected 4 times to be president of the United
  States
• New Deal policies given credit for pulling the
  United States from the harshness of the Great
  Depression.
• Weekly Fireside chats on the radio gave
  Americans confidence in times of war and a belief
  that they were a part of things.

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Josef Stalin

• By the end of the 1930s, Great Purge had created
  an entire public in Soviet Union devoted the
  Stalin
• Nazi-Soviet Pact allowed USSR to expand into the
  Balkans and E. Poland
• Country was poorly prepared for Hitlers surprise
  attack, and suffered greatly
• Survived Germanys assault due to Hitlers
  wandering attention span, pressure on Germanys
  western front (encroaching Allied troops),
  brutally cold winters, and vast number of bodies
  to hold German bullets.

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1941-1945
German Invasion of Russia June 22, 1942.
Surprise move, breaking the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
German come in 3 branches, aimed at Moscow,
Leningrad, and Kiev.
Stalin did not believe that Blitzkrieg could work
like it had in Poland and France
He was wrong. Elite Soviet Tanks were destroyed,
and men were butchered along the front line
Hitler pulled troops aimed at Moscow to encircle
Leningrad and Kiev. When he returned to Moscow,
winter had hit, and USSR countered badly hurting
the Germans.
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The Pacific
Takeover of Pacific Islands by Japanese Military
By May of 1942, they had a clear shot at India
and Australia
Japanese try to extend their island control to
keep the Allies further awaybut end up
overextending themselves.
Surprise attack on Tokyo shocks unsuspecting
Japanese leaders (Doolittle Raid)
Battles of Midway (June 4-7) and Coral Sea (May
7,8) end up being huge victories over the
overextended Japanese Navy.
Allowed the allies to island hop and retake the
pacific.
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Dr. Suess take on Battle of Midway
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Allied Forces formed

• Late 1941, U.S. and British agree to form a joint
  Chief of Staffs, and that Germany needs its
  attention first (Japan will stay primarily the
  concern of the United States)
• January 1, 1942 U.S., United Kingdom, USSR and
  23 other countries signed the Declaration by
  United Nations, pledging to not make separate
  peace treaties.
• United Nations became the official name, but the
  Allies was more commonly used.

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Defending Europe

• Without the immediate aid of United States
  troops, and the successes of German Troops in
  North Africa (led by General Rommell), the
  decision is to defend the south first.
• Rommell had pushed 235mi. Into Egypt, through
  British lines of defense

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Tide turns in North Africa
British advances
Rommel stopped in August of 42. An offensive by
British in October began to drive them back
Combined troops land in NW Africa
Led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, US and
British troops land in Morocco, Casablanca, and
Tunisia, and pinch the retreating Germans off.
After one last push by Rommel, the troops were
surround on a peninsula in Tunisia, forcing
275,000 German and Italian Troops to surrender.
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Battle of Stalingrad

• Summer of 42, Hitler is determined to finish off
  the USSR (despite urging of his generals to wait
  a year)
• Approaching Stalingrad, Stalin gives orders to
  retreat no further, having anyone not standing
  firm shot.
• After huge losses, the Soviets prevailed, forcing
  a German surrender in Jan. 43.

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Guadalcanal
August 7, 1942
United States launches an offensive on a Naval
Station on the Small Island of Guadalcanal.
Japan responded furiously.
Six major conflicts happened before the U.S.
secured the island in February of 1943.
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Casablanca Conference (Jan. 43)
After much debate, Americans convinced British to
begin focusing on crossing the English Channel,
and limiting troops in the Mediterranean Sea
North Africa
British and Americans begin around the clock
bombings of Germany. Americans suffer huge
losses as they were responsible for the day raids.
Air Raids
Plans made and troops were begun to be assembled
for a channel crossing in 1944.
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Invasion of Italy

• July through Sept. of 43, Allies land on Sicily,
  and cross to the mainland.
• The landing on Sicily forced Germans from some of
  their positions in the USSR, marking the end of
  German advances on the Soviet Union.
• A secret armistice was signed by the Italians.
• Strong German stance made it merely a moral
  victory for the U.S. and Great Britain.

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Tehran Conference
In Nov. of 43, the big three met together for the
first time. After some persuasion of Churchill,
Operation Overlord, was decided on for the Spring
of 44 A crossing of the English Channel to
mainland Europe.
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D-Day (Invasion of Normandy)
A beach landing supported by paratroopers, the
Allies fought their way on to the steep banks of
Normandy
June 6, 1944
Hitler was tricked into thinking that Normandy
was a bluff, had fortified the coast further
north allowing the operation to succeed.
By the end of June, the allies, led by
Eisenhower, had 850,000 troops and 150,000
vehicles ashore in Normandy
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Allies begin closing in
June 22-24, Soviets attack and retake Belorussia.
On July 17, they marched into Moscow with 57,000
German prisoners.
Eastern Front
Liberation of France
Beginning on July 17, 1944, Allied troops marched
and fought heavy German resistance. On August
25, Paris was liberated.
By the end of August, American troops reached the
German-Franco Border.
Lacking supplies, they are forced to regroup.
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Victory parade in Paris
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Soviet Advances
Warsaw Uprising
Polish step up to fight the Germans. Soviets
could help, but allow the Germans to crush the
uprising. July through September 1944
Carpathian Mtns. -- the Black Sea
Meanwhile, the Soviets were attacking Romania,
Bulgaria, Finland, and installed a communist
leader, Tito, in Yugoslavia.
At conference in early 45 with the big three,
Stalin agrees to help against the Pacific as long
as he is granted territorial gain in the east.
Yalta Conference
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Yalta Conference
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Air war takes center stage
Capture of Guam and other islands give the
Americans the chance to strike Japan from the
air. Regular air strikes begin on Japan.
Key islands retaken in the Pacific
Air Raids on Germany resume
Allies severely hurt Steel plants as well as
destroy oil fields in Romania. Plane production
and German morale stay higher than expected in
the short-run.
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Battle of the Bulge

• December 16, 1944 Germans mount the last
  offensive, trying to split the American and
  British lines.
• Americans were surprised, but resisted until good
  flying weather allowed their air power to assist
  them.
• By January, the 50 mi. bulge had been
  eliminated.

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Allies close in

• Allied Nations closed in on Germanys central
  locations. The United States captured Nuremburg,
  while the Soviet Union surrounded Berlin.
• By April 21, 1945, U.S. Troops met USSR troops,
  and Germany was split in two.
• April 30 Hitler commits suicide in his bunker
• May 8 V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

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Key battles in the Pacific
Island hopping pushes forward, giving the U.S.
closer access to Japan for airstrikes. Fierce
fighting ensues as 6000 Marines are killed taking
Iwo Jima.
Iwo Jima and Okinawa
Desperation sets in, as Japanese fighters begin
using obsolete planes, loaded with explosives and
dive bombing United States Targets.
Kamikaze fighters
Scheduled to be the next wave, but Americans have
grown weary of deperate measures of Japanese and
the huge losses taken by the Navy and Marines
Kyushu
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Nagasaki and Hiroshima
Top secret plans had put together great
Physicists minds together to create the ultimate
weapon. Three atomic bombs were created The
first was tested in New Mexico desert on July 16,
1945.
Atomic Bomb
In his first months in office (following the
death of FDR), He agrees to the use of the two
remaining bombs on Hiroshima and NagasakiTwo
previously untouched cities in Japan.
Trumans decision
130,000 or more Japanese citizens are killed by
the two bombs.
August 6 and 9, 1945
August 8, 1945
USSR invades Manchuria
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Japanese Surrender
August 14, 1945 Japan announces its surrender
September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri, in
Tokyo Bay, the official signing took place.
American General MacArthur was named the
military governor of occupied Japan.