left plantations

1

• left plantations
• legalized marriages
• searched for family
• gathered at military posts, towns looking for
  jobs, protection

• could not vote or hold political office
• denied many civil rights through Black Codes

• Thirteenth Amendmentabolished slavery
• Freedmens Bureauprovided help and legal aid

2
LINCOLNS 10 PLAN

• The South has suffered enough.
• Allow states to re-enter the Union with only 10
  swearing allegiance to the United States.
• Died before he could carry it out.

3
President Johnsons Plan

• Followed Lincolns lead and tried to make the
  Reconstruction Period quick and painless.
• Problem He was from TN (a Southern state).
• Impeached not guilty by one vote

4
Johnsons Impeachment

• Radical Republican Congress passed the Tenure of
  Office Act which made it illegal to fire anyone
  without Congress permission.
• President Johnson fired Edwin M. Stanton, a
  Cabinet member.
• House of Representatives passed a Bill of
  Impeachment.
• Senate tried President Johnson.
• He was found Not Guilty by one vote and
  remained President until the end of his term.

5
Johnsons Plan (details)

• States had to swear an Oath of Allegiance to the
  U.S.
• States had to ratify (approve) the 13th Amendment
  freeing the slaves.
• He pardoned officers.
• He favored States Rights as to allowing Freedmen
  to vote.
• He did not support the Freedmans Bureau.

6
Radical Republican PlanCongress Plan

• Supported the Freedmans Bureau
• Supported the Civil Rights Act of 1866 outlawing
  Black Codes
• States had to pass the 13th, 14th, 15th
  Amendments to rejoin the Union
• Divide the South into 5 military Districts.
• Support for equal rights for African Americans.

7
Congressional Reconstruction

• former Confederates and planters again in power
  in the South
• freedpeople being denied rights
• Radical Republican belief that federal government
  needed to take a stronger role in Reconstruction
• Radical Republican belief that Unionists and
  African Americans had to participate politically
  to create loyal southern state governments

• placed under military control
• required Texas leaders to guarantee rights for
  African Americans and ratify the Fourteenth
  Amendment for the state to rejoin the Union
• right to vote for black Texas men and gains in
  political office
• development of Texas Republican Party
• Republican control of Texas government
• Texas restored to Union in 1870

8
The Davis Administration

• creation of a state militia and police force,
  reduced crime
• improvements in public edu-cation and
  administration
• improvements in internal transportation

• higher taxes
• complaints about state debt and spending
• accusations of fraud
• accusations of using policeto intimidate
  Democrats

9
FREEDMANS BUREAU

• Created schools
• Created hospitals
• Created industrial institutes
• Created teacher-training centers
• Distributed food and clothing

10
RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS

• 13TH Amendment banned slavery in the U.S. and
  any of its territories.
• 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all
  persons born in the U.S. (defined citizenship)
• 15th Amendment gave all male citizens the right
  to vote.

11
Who are These People?

• Scalawags
• Carpetbaggers
• Freedmen
• Fugitives
• Radical Republicans
• Sharecroppers
• Tenant farmers
• Jim Crow

12
SCALAWAG

• A Southerner who supported the North during the
  Civil War
• Considered a traitor by the other Southerners.

13
CARPETBAGGER

• A Northerner who went South after the Civil War
  to make money or get rich quick.
• Despised by the Southerners.

14
FREEDMAN

• A freed slave after the Civil War.
• He had nothing but the clothes on his/her back.
• Freedmans Bureau was created to help them
  (education, jobs, food, etc.).
• Discriminated against by Southerners who blamed
  them for the war.

15
FUGITIVES

• People who fled either North to the cities for
  work or to the West to escape discrimination.
• Most of the fugitives were ex-slaves (freedmen).
• Also poor whites who had lost everything in the
  war.

16
RADICAL REPUBLICANS

• Members of Congress (from Northern states only)
  who wanted the South to pay for the Civil War.
• Thaddeus Stevens was one of the leaders.
• Johnson was impeached because he fired Edwin M.
  Stanton (Cabinet member) who was a Radical
  Republican.

17
SHARECROPPERS

• Freedmen became sharecroppers since they owned no
  land and had no money to supply seeds for a crop.
• Landowners received most of the crop and the
  sharecroppers received a place to stay and some
  of the crop that they worked to raise.
• They usually ended up owing the land-owner money
  at the end of the harvest. (debt)

18
TENANT FARMERS

• People (mostly freedmen) who lived on a farm and
  worked for the owner in order to have a place to
  stay and to get food.
• Poor farmers who worked very hard to survive.

19
JIM CROW

• Not a real person.
• Laws that were passed to control the Freedmen
  (ex-slaves).
• Segregation laws passed in most formerly
  Confederate States.

20
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1866

• Gave equal rights to African Americans.
• When Reconstruction ended in 1877 most of the
  rights were lost until the 1960s and Reverend
  Martin Luther Kings Civil Rights Movement.

21
Voting Problems for Freedmen

• Grandfather Clause blacks could vote if their
  grandfathers had voted.
• Poll tax everyone had to pay to vote blacks
  had no money to pay.
• Literacy tests people could vote, if they could
  pass a test to prove literacy.
• KKK (Ku Klux Klan) organization formed by
  Nathan Bedford Forrest to keep blacks under
  control cruel and used fear as a weapon.

22
Texas after Reconstruction

• led to Democratic one-party rule
• reduced black political participation
• limited size of government

• lost many civil rights
• segregation enforced by Jim Crow laws
• decline of political power

• restored political power of planters
• rise in tenant farming and sharecropping

23
Congressional Reconstruction
24
Problems in the South

• Black Codes raised concerns in the U.S. Congress
• Large-scale landowners regained power in the
  South
• African Americans were denied equal rights and
  violence was occurring against them

25
Radical Republicans React

• Radical Republicans believed the U.S. Congress
  needed to take a greater control in
  Reconstruction
• Shut down Southern State governments and allow
  Unionists and African Americans the right to help
  make a new government.
• They passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866
• This gave citizenship to African Americans and
  basic rights.
• They also proposed the 14th Amendment
• Guaranteed citizenship and equal rights to
  African Americans
• Texas Legislature, along with other southern
  states, refused to ratify this amendment

26
Reconstruction Acts

• Congress had enough control to override
  presidential vetoes and passed a series of
  Reconstruction Acts
• Southern states were declared provisional (did
  not have full state status)
• Divided into 5 military districts and placed
  under military control
• States had to write a new constitution
  guaranteeing rights for African Americans,
  including suffrage (right to vote)
• Had to ratify the 14th Amendment

27
Texas Republican Party

• Congressional Reconstruction led to the creation
  of the Texas Republican Party
• Consisted of Unionists, African Americans and
  Mexican Americans
• Since these people were the only major groups who
  could vote in Texas at the time, the Republicans
  won elections.

28
Constitution of 1869

• Constitutional Convention was controlled largely
  by Radical Republicans
• New Constitution gave
• Equal rights to African Americans including
  suffrage (voting) rights
• That same year the U.S. congress passed the 15th
  amendment which gave suffrage to African American
  men
• Governor received power to appoint judges and
  state officials
• Governors term was changed from 2 years to 4
  years
• State land was to be sold, and a tax of one
  dollar per voter was set aside for public
  schools.
• ¼ of state revenue was to be set aside for
  schools
• Attendance in school was required by law for the
  1st time

29
Reconstruction 1. Look at the Texas Voices
quotes on p. 396 and 397. List at least three
changes in the lives of Texas slaves as a result
of Reconstruction. 2. Read Lone Star Legacy on
p. 397. Who read the Emancipation Proclamation to
Texas slaves on June 19, 1865? 3. What
holiday is celebrated each year to commemorate
this day in Texas history?
30
Reconstruction 1. What is the significance of
Juneteenth in Texas? p. 397  2.  How did
Andrew Johnson become U.S. president in 1865?  p.
398  3.  What was the main purpose of Black
Codes in the South?  p. 399
31
Reconstruction Identify the following amendments
to the U.S. Constitution  (Hint What change
was made in the amendment?) 13th --- (p.
397) 14th --- (p. 401) 15th --- (p. 403)
32
Reconstruction Look at the Sharecropping Cycle
diagram on p. 410  1. Why did many Texans
become sharecroppers following the Civil War
era?  2.  What was the role of the landowner? 
3.  Give two reasons why sharecroppers often
remained deep in debt.  4.  How was a tenant
farmer different from a sharecropper? p. 411