AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

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AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE

• Chapter 10

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IMPERIALISM AMERICA

• Section 1

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IMPERIALISM

• IMPERIALISM- The policy in which stronger nations
  extend economic, political or military control
  over weaker territories.
• By the 1880s, many American leaders thought the
  U.S. should establish colonies overseas.

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QUEEN LILIUOKALANI

• In 1893, Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii gave up her
  throne.
• Hawaii was about to be taken over by the U.S.

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3 FACTORS FUELED AMERICAN IMPERIALISM

1. Desire for military strength
2. Thirst for new markets
3. Belief in the superiority of American culture

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NAVAL POWER

• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy
• Supported growing American naval power so the
  U.S. could compete w/other nations

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U.S.S. Maine Oregon

• U.S. built modern battleships like the Maine
  the Oregon.
• The new ships made the U.S. the worlds largest
  naval power.

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surplus

• U.S. was producing more than Americans could
  consume..
• U.S. needed foreign trade.
• American businesses needed markets for their
  products raw materials for their factories.

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Superiority of American Culture

• The 3rd root of American imperialism was a belief
  that the people of the U.S. were better than the
  people of other countries
• Believed they had a duty to spread their culture
  Christian religion among other people.

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U.S. Acquires Alaska Hawaii
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ALASKA

• William Seward purchases Alaska , for the U.S.,
  from Russia in 1867.
• The price? 7.2 million!!

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HAWAII

• The Background..
• The Hawaiian islands had been important to the
  U.S. since 1790s.
• Merchants stopped there on their way to China
  India.
• In 1920s, American missionaries founded
  Christian schools churches on the islands

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Hawaiian sugar plantations

• B/c of American owned sugar plantations, by 1900,
  foreign laborers outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to 1
• This weakened the influence of native Hawaiians.

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Powerful Hawaiian sugar growers called for the
U.S. to annex Hawaii to avoid the tariffs.

• In 1887, U.S. military forced Hawaii to let it
  build a naval base at Pearl Harbor.Hawaiis best
  port.

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HAWAIIANS LOSE CONTROL OF THEIR ISLANDS

• HOW?

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American business groups organized a revolt
against Queen Liliuokalani

• U.S. ambassador John L. Stevens helped them
  revolt.
• Planters took control of the island
• They established a temporary government .

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• They established a temporary government .
• Made American businessman Sanford B. Dole the
  president.

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1898, HAWAII BECOMES A U.S. TERRITORY

• Stevens urged U.S. government to annex Hawaiian
  Islands.
• President Grover Cleveland refused unless
  majority of Hawaiians favored that.

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• 1897, William McKinley became president.
• McKinley favored annexation.
• 1898, Hawaii became a U.S. territory.

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THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• Section 2

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CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAIN

• B/w 1868 1878, Cubans fought their 1st war for
  independence from Spain.
• Rebels didnt win, but forced Spain to abolish
  slavery in 1886

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U.S. CAPITALISTS INVEST

• Invested heavily in sugar cane plantations in
  Cuba.
• Cuban economy collapsed in 1894 when a tariff on
  sugar was imposed in the U.S.

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JOSE MARTI

• 1895, Cubans began 2nd war for independence.
• Rebellion led by Jose Marti, a Cuban poet
  journalist who had been living in exile in N.Y.
• The rebels wanted the U.S. to join their cause.

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WAR FEVER ESCALATES!

• 1896, Spain sent an army to Cuba to restore
  order.
• Army led by General Valeriano Weyler.
• Weyler rounded up 300,000 people as prisoners in
  Concentration camps.

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YELLOW JOURNALISM

• Stories of concentration camps widely reported in
  U.S. newspapers.
• Rival N.Y. newspapers exaggerated the brutality
  to attract readers.(yellow journalism)

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William McKinley became U.S. President in 1897.

• Since many Americans wanted the U.S. to help the
  rebels against Spain, McKinley tried to find a
  peaceful solution.

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McKinleys efforts pay off.

• 1) Spain sent General Weyler home
• 2) Changed the concentration camp policy.
• 3) Gave Cuba limited self-government

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But then, 2 events made Americans very angry at
Spain.
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• 1) The publication of a letter that insulted the
  American president.The de Lome letter was
  written by a Spanish diplomat. It criticized
  McKinley for being weak.

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U.S.S. MAINE..

• 2) The battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded on
  February 15, 1898.
• The ship had been stationed in Cuba to protect
  American lives.
• Cause of the explosion was not known.. But

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Newspapers blamed Spain.
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WAR WITH SPAIN ERUPTS!!!!

• April 20, 1898, U.S. went to war w/Spain.

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THE PHILIPPINES

• 1st battle took place in the Philippines.
• Philippines had been a Spanish colony for 300
  years.
• In 1896, Philippines rebelled against Spanish.

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George Dewey

• On May 1, 1898, American naval commander George
  Dewey sailed into Manila Bay in the Philippines.
• His ships destroyed the Spanish fleet there.
• For the next 2 months, U.S. soldiers fought on
  the side of the Filipino rebels.
• Spanish surrendered (in the Philippines) to the
  U.S. in August.

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Meanwhile, back in Cuba

• American navy blocked off the harbor of Santiago
  de Cuba.
• Spanish ships could not leave.
• American troops then landed on the island in June
  1898.

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ROUGH RIDERS

• Unit of volunteers
• Theodore Roosevelt one of their leaders.
• Rough Riders helped win the important battle of
  San Juan Hill
• American newspapers made Roosevelt a hero.

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THEODORE ROOSEVELT The Rough Riders U.S. Army
1st Volunteer Cavalry commanded by Lt. Colonel
Theodore Roosevelt
                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
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Spanish SurrenderJuly 25, 1898!

• When the Spanish ships tried to leave the harbor,
  their fleet was destroyed.
• Spain then surrendered to U.S.
• (The entire war only lasted 113 days!)

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TREATY OF PARIS

• Spain quickly agreed to a peace treaty.
• What were the terms?

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1) Cuba is granted independence!
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2) Spain gave Puerto Rico the Pacific Island of
Guam to the U.S.
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3) U.S. paid Spain 20 mill. For the annexation
of the Philippine Islands.
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Debate in U.S. about Imperialism

• Treaty of Paris touched off debates in U.S. .
• President McKinley was in favor of it.
• Some Americans said annexing territories violated
  the spirit of the Declaration of Independence.
• The U.S. Senate approved the treaty on February
  6, 1899.

http//www.historywiz.com/primarysources/treatyofp
aris1898.htm
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ACQUIRING NEW LANDS

• Section 3

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RULING PUERTO RICO

• American forces landed in Puerto Rico in July
  1898.
• Many Puerto Ricans began to resent the military
  government.
• In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act which
  ended military rule set up a civil government

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IN 1917, PUERTO RICANS BECOME U.S. CITIZENS!
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Control over CUBA

• Although Cuba was officially independent after
  the war, the U.S. army remained there for 4 years
• It punished Cubans who were against this American
  occupation.

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PLATT AMENDMENT
http//www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flashtruedoc
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• When Cubas new government wrote a constitution
  in 1900, the U.S. insisted they add the PLATT
  AMENDMENT
• This limited Cubas rights in dealing w/other
  countries.gave the U.S. special privileges,
  including the right to intervene to preserve
  order.

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PROTECTORATE.

• Cuba became a U.S. protectorate.
• A Protectorate is a country whose affairs are
  partially controlled by a stronger power.
• The U.S. insisted on these rights b/c of its
  economic interests in Cuba.

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FILIPINOS REBEL

• They were angry that the U.S. had annexed their
  islands after years of fighting for independence.

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EMILIO AGUINALDO

• Filipino rebel leader who believed that the U.S.
  had promised independence.
• He felt the U.S. had betrayed the Filipinos after
  helping them win independence.

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• 1899, Aguinaldo started a rebellion that lasted
• 3 years. (Philippine-American War)
• Pictured below are Filipino P.O.W.s
• U.S. won set up a government similar to the one
  it had set up in Cuba.

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CHINA

• By 1899, many countries had economic interests in
  China
• U.S. wanted to be able to trade with China too.
• Secretary of State John Hay sent the OPEN DOOR
  NOTES to these countries calling for Chinas
  port to be open to ALL countries.

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BOXER REBELLION

• In 1900, a secret society in China started a
  rebellion to protest western influence.
• Troops from countries (including U.S.) fought the
  rebel, or Boxers.
• After the Boxer Rebellion was defeated, U.S.
  issued more Open Door notes to make sure other
  countries didnt make colonies out of China.

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How did Americans feel about U.S. imperialism?

• With the reelection of President William McKinley
  in 1900, it seems that most Americans agreed
  w/imperialism.
• An Anti-Imperialist League formed including
  former president Grover Cleveland, Andrew
  Carnegie, Jane Addams, Mark Twain.

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AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER

• Section 4

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President McKinley Assassinated!

• Pres. McKinley assassinated in 1901.
• Teddy Roosevelt becomes president continues
  policies of imperialism

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TEDDY ROOSEVELT THE WORLD.

• Roosevelt 1st used U.S. influence to help settle
  the Russo-Japanese War

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RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

• Began in 1904 when both Russia Japan wanted to
  control Korea.
• Japan captured Korea also invaded Manchuria
  which was controlled by Russia

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Roosevelt mediates

• 1905, representatives of Russia Japan met.
• Roosevelt used his personal charm to help them
  negotiate a compromise.
• They signed a treaty, and Roosevelt received the
  1906 Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

The Nobel Institute in Oslo, Norway.
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PANAMA CANAL

• Idea was to build a canal to connect the Atlantic
  Pacific Oceans.
• Such a canal would cut travel time for ships b/c
  they wouldnt have to go all the way around South
  America.

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• Panama was a province of Columbia.
• Columbia did not agree to the canal.
• So, U.S. helped Panama rebel against Colombia.

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Panama became independent

• Then, U.S. got Panamas permission to build the
  canal.

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Construction of the Panama Canal

• Work began in 1904 took 10 years
• In 1913, there were 43,400 workers on the hard
  dangerous project.

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Canal officially opens Aug. 15, 1914Over 1,000
ships passed through that 1st year
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ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

• Roosevelts statement to Congress in 1904 He
  wanted the U.S. to be the major power in the
  Caribbean Central America

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Roosevelt Corollary was the logical result of the
Monroe Doctrine of 1823

• Roosevelt now said that the U.S had the right to
  intervene in Latin American countries to protect
  U.S. business interests.
• (Big Stick policy)

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NICARAGUA

• In 1911, Pres. Taft used Roosevelts policy in
  Nicaragua.

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• A rebellion had left the country in debt.
• Taft arranged for U.S. bankers to loan Nicaragua
  ...
• In exchange, American business took control of
  the railroads banksalso collected Nicaraguas
  custom duties

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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• Nicaraguans didnt like this arrangement.
• They rebelled. The U.S. sent in troops to
  Nicaragua preserve peace.
• Those who didnt like this kind of intervention
  called it dollar diplomacy.

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WOODROW WILSONS MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY

• Why did President Wilson send troops to Mexico?

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President Wilson took a step beyond Presidents
Monroe Roosevelt

• Wilson added a moral tone to Latin American
  policy.
• His missionary diplomacy meant that the U.S.
  could not officially recognize governments that
  were oppressive, undemocratic, or opposed to U.S.
  business interests.
• A revolution in Mexico tested this policy.

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MEXICAN PEASANTS WORKERS REBEL

• They rebelled in 1910 against their military
  dictator.
• The start of the Mexican
  Revolution the Serdán family opens a
  revolt in Puebla, Nov.18.1910
• 2 new governments followed, the 2nd headed by
  General Victoriano Huerta.

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Wilson refused to support the Huerta government
b/c it came to power through violence.

• When a new leader, Venustiano Carranza, took
  power in Mexico, Wilson withdrew the troops
• THEN..

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Francisco Pancho Villa.Leader of rebels who
revolted against Carranza
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Some Americans killed by Villas followers..

• U.S. wanted to capture Villa.
• Mexican government gave U.S. permission to send
  in troops

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Wilson sent General John J. Pershing to Mexico
with 15,000 soldiers

• A year later, Villa was still free.
• Wilson then stationed 150,000 NatlGuardsmen
  along the border.

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General John J. Pershing
PERSHING, JOHN J. Brigadier General, U.S. Army
Commander decorations U.S. Army, Supplement V,
1941 Home Town Laclede, Missouri Date of
Action June 15, 1913
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Mexicans angered by U.S. invasion.

• 1916, U.S. troops fought w/Carranzas army.
• In 1917, Wilson withdrew U.S. troops b/c U.S. was
  facing possible war in Europe.

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Mexico finally adopted a constitution, regained
control of their own resources put limits on
foreign investment

• American intervention in Mexico showed how far
  the U.S. was willing to go to protect its
  economic interests.

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COMING NEXT..
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WORLD WAR I
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