Title: American Literature English III Honors Edgar Allen Poe
1American Literature
2Essential Questions
- What is the relationship between place and
literature? - How does literature shape or reflect society?
- What makes American literature American?
3Unit 1 The New World
- Focus on the earliest American literature.
Puritanism and issues of settlement are the main
focus of this unit. - Objectives
- Identify emerging themes in early American
literature - Explain the First Great Awakening and how it
affected religious belief in Colonial America - Identify and explain elements of Puritan
literature - Compare and contrast the experiences of Americas
earliest settlers - Explain the role of religion in early American
life
4Unit 1 The New World
- Reading Assignment 1 (Native
American Legends) - Everyone reads pages 2-16
- Group 1 The Earth on Turtles Back (20)
- Group 2 When Grizzlies Walked Upright (24)
- Group 3 The Navajo Origin Legend (27)
5Unit 1 The New World
- Reflecting on the reading
- Identification Significance Puritans,
Pilgrims, Planters, Enlightenment, The Great
Awakening, Revolution, Native Americans, African
Americans - Themes Creating a Nation, Wilderness, Community,
Individualism
6Unit 1 The New World
- Native American Origin Stories
- The Earth on Turtles Back
- When Grizzlies Walked Upright
- The Navajo Origin Legend
- In groups
- -Find a creative way to tell the story to your
class - -Identify the purpose of this story
- -Lead the class in a discussion of the storys
purpose and significance
7Unit 1 The New World
- Identify Similarities among the Origin Stories
- Do you think the patterns, symbols, or character
types are archetypes common to all three
cultures? Explain.
8Unit 1 The New World
- A few ideas to consider
- The Puritan ethic of hard work and self
discipline remained a basic American value
(Wiggins). Is it still an American value? - How did Native, European, and African cultures
intersect in the new world? How did this
intersection affect literature? - What are the emerging themes in American
literature? Why these themesin other words what
is the stimulus for these ideas? Consider the
idea of a new Eden and the American dream.
9Of Plymouth Plantationby William Bradford
- Reading Quiz!
- What is his purpose?
- What is revealed about the Pilgrims through this
description? - How can we describe and analyze Bradfords
writing style? - Consider the essential questions. (next
slide)
10Essential Questions
- What is the relationship between place and
literature? - How does literature shape or reflect society?
- What makes American literature American?
11Anne Bradstreet
- b.1612 - d.1672
- 1630 left England with husband and parents for
Massachusets Bay Colony - father became Governor of the colony
- 1650 her brother-in-law published her poetry in
England without her knowledgefirst published
volume of literature written by a colonist - later work was published posthumously in 1678
12Poetry of Anne Bradstreet
- Reflects the Puritans knowledge of the Bible and
their concern for the relationship between
earthly and heavenly life - Later works, such as To My Dear and Loving
Husband, are considered her best and most
personal works - Written in the Puritan Plain Style
- Characterized by short words and direct
statements
13Poetry of Anne Bradstreet
- from The Prologue
- I am obnoxious to each carping tongue
- Who says my hand a needle better fits,
- A poets pen all scorn I should thus wrong,
- For such despite they cast on female wits
- If what I do prove well, it wont advance,
- Theyll say its stoln, or else it was by
chance. - contempt
14Poetry of Anne Bradstreet
- To My Dear and Loving Husband (76)
- Discuss Puritan Plain Style as it applies to this
poem. - Discuss the poetic aspects of the poemhow do
these relate to the tone, mood, and theme of the
poem? - What does this poem reveal about Bradstreet?
What does it reveal about Puritan beliefs?
15Phillis Wheatley
- b.1754? d.1784
- 1761 she was taken from West Africa and brought
to America where she was sold to the Wheatley
family of Boston - converted to Christianity
- although a slave, she was taught to read the
Bible and classic literature, also encouraged to
write - her Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and
Moral were published in England in 1773most
likely the first book ever published by a black
American - gained freedom and married John Peters
16Poetry of Phillis Wheatley
- Influenced by Bible and Classical Mythology
- Allusions to mythological characters/gods
goddesses - Creates characters in the image of mythological
gods goddesses - Wrote in Heroic Couplets
- Sequence of rhyming couplets (pairs of lines)
- Each couplet is a complete thought
- Written in Iambic Pentameter (5 pairs of stressed
and unstressed syllables)
17Poetry of Phillis Wheatley
- To His Excellency, General Washington (125)
- Listen to the letter enclosed with the poem to
General Washington. - Discuss the poem as a heroic couplet. How does
this poetic form help you read and understand the
poem? - Discuss the qualities Wheatley attributes to
Washington. Are these qualities representative
of typical American values? Explain.
18Poetry of Bradstreet Wheatley
- Consider other poems by these remarkable women
poetsbe sure to relate the poems to your prior
knowledge of these poets and the essential
questions. - What is the relationship between place and
literature? - How does literature shape or reflect society?
- What makes American literature American?
19from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godby
Jonathan Edwards
- Sermon as an example of oratory
- Example of a fire and brimstone sermon
- Sermons
- Are persuasive
- Address the needs and concerns of the audience
- Appeal to emotion
- Include expressive or rhythmic language
- Allude to the Bible (and sometimes mythology,
history, and other archetypes)
20Sermon as Rhetoric
- Rhetoric is defined as the art of using words to
persuade - Rhetorical Triangle
Speaker/Ethos
Listener/Pathos
Message/Logos
21from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry Godby
Jonathan Edwards
- What is Edwards purpose?
- Who is his audience?
- How does he appeal to logos (What are his logical
appeals)? - How does he appeal to pathos (What are his
emotional appeals)? - How does he appeal to ethos (What gives him
credibility)? - What modes of discourse does he use?description,
narration, exposition (comparison, cause
effect, contrast, classification, division,
definition) - What other rhetorical devises are
used?parallelism, restatement, repetition,
analogy
22The Crucibleby Arthur Miller
- What did your research reveal?
- How do the following names and terms apply?
- Joseph McCarthy Marilyn Monroe
- McCarthyism The Misfits
- All My Sons witch hunts
- Death of a Salesman Communism
- Salem, Massachusetts Witch Trials
-
23The Crucibleby Arthur Miller
- Read the background
- Author pages 1118-1119
- In the authors own words pages 1120-1121
- The play pages 1124-1125
Act 1 page 1126 Act 2 page 1161 Act 3 page
1187 Act 4 page 1217
24The Crucible Reading Quiz 1
- Classroom Discussion
- 1. Who is the author of The Crucible?
- 2. Briefly define McCarthyism.
- 3. To which famous actress was the author of The
Crucible married? - 4. Name one drama, other than The Crucible,
written by this same author. - Background Reading
- 5. In what year is The Crucible set?
- 6. Name the container in which metals are melted
or fused at his temperatures. - 7. Is the drama, The Crucible, historically
accurate? YES NO - Overture
- 8. Did the people of Salem Village consider it
bad manners to mind other peoples business?
YES NO Explain. - 9. Where did the Salem folk consider the
Devils last preserve to be located? - 10. The people of Salem believed, in short,
that they held in their steady hands the candle
that would light the _________________.
25The Crucible
- Is it an allegory?
- There were, as far as on can tell, no actual
witches or devil-worshipers in Salem. However,
there were certainly Communists in 1950s
America. Some victims of McCarthyism were in
the pay of the Soviet Union, but many who were
accused suffered false accusations. So, no it
isnt an allegory. - Is it historical?
- No, its not entirely historically factual.
Events correspond to the happenings in 1962
Salem, but the characters are composites. And,
the affair between proctor and Abigail is
fictitious. All for dramatic purpose.
26Crucible Journal(After reading Act 1)
- What seem to be the motivating factors Miller
presents in Act 1? How does he establish the
hysteria at the root of the Salem Witch Trials?
As an audience how do you relate to the
charactershate any? sympathize with any? love
any? If you have any other thoughts on Act 1,
you may address those as well.
27Think about it
- The crucible introduces a community full of
underlying personal grudges. Religion pervades
every aspect of life, but it is a religion that
lacks a ritual outlet to manage emotions such as
anger, jealousy, or resentment. - Do you agree or disagree with this assessment?
28The Crucible Reading Quiz 2 (Act 1)
- Let him look to medicine and put out all thought
of unnatural causes here. There be none. Who is
the him mentioned here? - Who says, There is a faction that is sworn to
drive me from my pulpit? - Who says, I have laid seven babies unbaptized in
the earth? - You drank bloodYou didnt tell him that! Who
is referred to with the pronoun you? - Who says, Let either of you breathe a word, or
the edge of a word, about the other things, and I
will come to you in the black of some terrible
night?
29The Crucible Reading Quiz 2 (Act 1)
- 6. Who says, Abby, I never give you hope to wait
for me? - 7. Who says, Bettyll wake when she tires of
it? - 8. Who says, We cannot look to superstition in
this. The Devil is precise? - 9. How can it be the Devil? Why would he choose
my house to strike? Who is referred to with the
pronoun my? - 10. Abigail says, She made me do it! She made
Betty do it! Who is she?
30Act 1
- Overture (a piece of music played before the
curtain goes upintroduces melodies to be heard
later) - What might Miller be suggesting by this
reference? - What does Miller suggest about the people of
Salem and their religion and politics in the
Overture? - What reasons does Miller suggest for why the
witch hunts began and developed into the mass
hysteria we associate with Salem today?
31The Crucible Theme (fundamental and universal
ideas explored in literature)
- The Crucible is best read outside its historical
contextas a powerful and timeless depiction of
how intolerance and hysteria can intersect and
tear a community apart. - What can be learned from these fundamental ideas
explored in The Crucible? - Intolerance
- Hysteria
- Reputation
Are there other themes we should consider?
32The Crucible and Motifs(recurring structures
that can help inform the themes)
- How are these motifs developed and used in The
Crucible? - Empowerment
- Accusations (guilt by association)
- Confessions
- Legal Proceedings
Are there other motifs we should consider?
33The Crucible and Symbols(objects, characters,
figures, colors used to represent abstract ideas)
- So, what do these symbols represent?
- Crucible
- Witch Trials
- Forest
What other symbols should we consider?
34The Crucible and Theocracy
- Theocracy form of government by God (or through
a priestly order) - In a theocracy, part of the states role is
policing belief. Therefore, there is a good deal
of pressure on the average citizen to inform on
the blasphemous speech and actions of his or
her neighbors in the name of Christian duty.
35The Crucible The Tragic Hero
- flawed figure who finds his moral center just as
everything is falling to pieces around him - His downfall is usually due to excessive pride
(hubris) - He is doomed from the start, he bears no
responsibility for possessing his tragic flaw,
but bears responsibility for his actions. - He has discovered fate by his own actions, and
not by things happening to him - He is usually a king, a leader of men his fate
affects the welfare of a whole nation or number
of people. Peasants do not inspire pity and fear
as great men do. The sudden fall from greatness
to nothing provides a sense of contrast. - The suffering of the hero must not be senseless
it must have meaning! - The hero of classical tragedies is almost always
male
36Crucible Journal(After Reading Act 2)
- What are the conflicts that exist in the play?
From where do these conflicts stem? Do you
believe these conflicts can be resolved? Who has
the ability to influence the community to solve
its problems? - Also, what are your reactions to the events in
Act 2?
37The Crucible Reading Quiz 3 (Act 2)
- What is the setting of Act 2?
- Who says, I mean to please you Elizabeth?
- Mary Warren says, I made a gift for you today
Goody Proctor. What is this gift? - Who says, I am a stranger here, as you know. And
in my ignorance I find it hard to draw a clear
opinion of them that come accused before the
court? - I see no light of God in that man. What man is
Proctor speaking of here?
38The Crucible Reading Quiz 3 (Act 2)
- 6. Who says, There be no love for Satan in this
house, Mister? - 7. Hale says, They have confessed it. Who
responds with this logic And why not, if they
must hang for denyin it? There are them that
will swear to anything before theyll hang have
you never thought of that? - 8. Who says, Question Abigail Williams about the
Gospel, not myself!? - 9. Proctor says, Pontius Pilate! God will not
let you wash your hands of this! Who does her
refer to as Pontius Pilate? - 10. Who says, We are only what we always were,
but naked now?
39Consider Theme, Motif, SymbolAny to add?
- Themes intolerance, hysteria, reputation,
hypocrisy - Motifs empowerment, accusations, confessions,
legal proceedings - Symbols crucible, witch trials, forest
40Act 3 Think about it
- Act 3 is filled with arguments. Consider who is
arguing what. Make a list of the characters,
their arguments, their evidence, and their
motivations. Prepare to analyze these arguments.
41The Crucible Reading Quiz 4 (Act 3)
- Who said, And do you know that near to four
hundred are in the jails from Marblehead to Lynn,
and upon my signature? - Which of the girls confesses to the pretense of
their accusations and actions? - Who said, Remember what the angel Raphael said
to the boy TobiasDo that which is good, and no
harm shall come to thee? - Who points out, There is a prodigious fear of
this court in the country? - Who threatens Danforth with these words Let you
beware, Mr. Danforth. Think you to be so mighty
that the power of Hell may not turn your wits?
Beware of it!?
42The Crucible Reading Quiz 4 (Act 3)
- 6. Who confesses, I have known her, sir. I have
known her? - 7. Whose spirit comes in the form of a yellow
bird? - 8. Who does Mary Warren identify as the Devils
man? - 9. Who says, God damns our kind especially, and
we will burn, we will burn together? - 10. Who says, I denounce these proceedings, I
quit this court!?
43Irony Argument
- In your groups, identify examples of each of the
following from Act 3cite the exact lines! - Situational Irony
- Verbal Irony
- Dramatic Irony
- Logosappeal to logic
- Pathosappeal to emotion
- Ethosethical appeal (credibility)
- Logical Fallacy (2 examples)
- Be prepared to discuss your findings and defend
your answers.
44The Crucible and Theocracy
- What evidence of theocracy do you see in Act 3?
- How are Danforths claims based on theocratic
governmental practices? - How does Proctor challenge this?
45Think about itdo you agree or disagree?
- Proctor mistakes the court proceedings for
an actual search for the guilty, when, in fact,
the proceedings are better described as a power
struggle.
46The Crucible JournalAfter Reading Act 4
- Analyze the ending of the The Crucible. What
effect does the witch hunt have on Salem and
its people? Are you satisfied with the ending?
Do you think Miller makes his point? Explain.
47The Crucible Reading Quiz 5 (Act 4)
- What is the setting of Act 4?
- Who says, Devil, him be pleasure man in
Barbados? - Who tells the court, Danforth, that Abigail has
run away? - Who says, I cannot pardon these when twelve are
already hanged for the same crime. It is not
just? - Who says, I come to do the Devils work, I come
to counsel Christians they should belie
themselves?
48The Crucible Reading Quiz 5 (Act 4)
- 6. Who is pressed to death?
- 7. Who says, I speak my own sins I cannot judge
another? - 8. Who says, Damn the village! I confess to God,
and God has seen my name on this! It is enough
just before he tears his own confession? - 9. Who says, How may I live without my name? I
have given you my soul leave me my name!? - 10. Who says, He have his goodness now. God
forbid I take it from him?
49The Crucible Act 4
- Is this true?
- Clearly, the most important issue for the
officials of the court is the preservation of
their reputations and the integrity of the court.
As a theocratic institution, the court
represents divine, as well as secular, justice.
To admit to twelve mistaken hangings would be to
question divine justice and the very foundation
of the state and of human life.
50Consider Theme, Motif, SymbolAny to add?
- Themes intolerance, hysteria, reputation,
hypocrisy, justice, theocracy, personal
responsibility, fear, jealousy - How are these developed?
- Motifs empowerment, accusations, confessions,
legal proceedings - Symbols crucible, witch trials, forest, poppet,
yellow bird, Proctor
51Is The Crucible a tragedy?
- What defines this play as a tragedy?
- Is it a social or personal tragedy?
52Is The Crucible an allegory?
- What is an allegory?
- What characteristics define it as allegory?
53The Crucible The Tragic Hero
- flawed figure who finds his moral center just as
everything is falling to pieces around him - His downfall is usually due to excessive pride
(hubris) - He is doomed from the start, he bears no
responsibility for possessing his tragic flaw,
but bears responsibility for his actions. - He has discovered fate by his own actions, and
not by things happening to him - He is usually a king, a leader of men his fate
affects the welfare of a whole nation or number
of people. Peasants do not inspire pity and fear
as great men do. The sudden fall from greatness
to nothing provides a sense of contrast. - The suffering of the hero must not be senseless
it must have meaning! - The hero of classical tragedies is almost always
male
54The CrucibleJohn Proctor as the Tragic Hero
- Is Proctor a tragic hero?
- Is he prideful? Is his downfall due to his
pride? - What is his tragic flaw?
- Is he doomed from the start?
- Is he a noble man? A man of nobility?
- What is his fate? How did he reach this fate?
- What is the purpose of his suffering?
55Unit 2 A New Nation
- Examine writers and documents associated with the
founding of the new American nation. - Objectives
- Identify defining themes in American Literature
(i.e.. Exceptionalism) - Identify and explain the historical significance
of Americas founding documents - Analyze how tone is established in persuasive
writing - Analyze the use of literary elements in
persuasive writing - Compare and contrast points of view on related
issues - Analyze the qualities of an effective argument
- Apply knowledge of effective argument when
writing one of your own
56Think about it
- Patrick Henry said,
- Give me liberty or give me death.
- Are there things worth dying for?
57Comparing and Contrasting Speeches
- How do the writers employ the use of rhetorical
devices and for what purpose? - What do Henry and Franklin want their audiences
to think and do? - What rhetorical questions are used? What effect
do they have? - What classical and Biblical allusions are used?
Explain the purpose of each. - Compare and contrast the political assumptions
(in relation to government) that each writer
makes.
- Speech in the Virginia Convention
Patrick Henry (99) - Speech in the Convention
- Benjamin Franklin (105)
58The Star Spangled Banner
- Flew at Fort McHenry, located at the entrance to
Boston Harbor, during the War of 1812 - Flag measured 30 x 42 feetthe 15 stars were 2
from point to point and the eight red and seven
white stripes were 2 wide - The flag was sewn by Mary Young Pickersgill and
her daughter Caroline - The cost was 405.90
59The Star Spangled Banner
- Francis Scott Key
- Born 1779
- Lawyer
- Key was detained on a British ship during the
attack on Ft. McHenry (September 13, 1814)he had
gone their with Colonel John Skinner to negotiate
the release of his friend Dr. Willaim Beanes who
was captured during the attacks on Washington,
D.C. - He watched the bombardment, which lasted 25
hours, he began penning the poem after seeing the
flag flying at dawn following the British retreat - Key completed the poem at a Baltimore hotel and
then sent it to a printer - After the poems circulation, it was put to the
music of an old English song - The song and flag became known as The Star
Spangled Banner - Became the national anthem in 1931
60The Star Spangled Banner
- Identify
- Poetic Elements
- Tone
- Style
- Theme
- What American ideals are present in this poem?
- Why do you think this poem was made the national
anthem?
61Original Handwritten Text of The Star-Spangled
Banner
62Poor Richards Almanacby Ben Franklin
- Practical wisdom through aphorisms
- an aphorism is a brief, wise statement
- What qualities make these aphorisms easy to
remember? - Franklin felt these aphorisms were relevant in
his own time. Which aphorisms are still relevant
today? Mark these. - Write 3 aphorisms of your own that you believe
would be relevant to your society.
63Benjamin Franklins The Autobiography
- How do you know this is an autobiography?
- Identify the text features.
- What is virtue?
- n. moral excellence (patience is a virtue)
chastity (her virtue is secure) good quality
(what are your virtues?) or advantage (by virtue
of his ability)
64Benjamin Franklins The Autobiography
- What does Franklin say about habits? Are you
inclined to agree or disagree with him? - Consider Franklins 13 virtueswould acquiring
these lead to a moral life? Are his goals
realistic? - What does Franklins scheme or plan reveal about
his character? Is it feasible? - Which virtue gives Franklin the most problem?
Why? - What is the result of Franklins endeavor?
65Virtues Your turn
- Think for a moment about the virtues you could
benefit from acquiring. In other words, what
habits would make you a better person? - Make a list of 13 virtues
- Write a description for each virtue
- Pick one and try it for a week
- Keep a daily journal of your progress and
transgressions
66Foster on American Lit Franklins Autobiography
(from Twenty Five Books that Shaped America by
Thomas C. Foster)
- What claims does Foster make about American
Literature in general? - Foster says regarding his list, all make what
seem to me important contributions to that
story-in-progress that has been going on from the
first writings. So, what does Franklins
Autobiography contribute to the American story?
67The Interesting Narrative of The Life of Olaudah
Equiano
- What is the Middle Passage?
- What is a slave narrative? What is the general
purpose of this type writing? - Analyzing the text
- Who is the narrator?
- What emotional appeals does the narrator make?
- What effect doe these appeals have on the reader?
- Is this narrative effective for its intended
purpose? Why or why not?
68The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson
- Outline of the Argument
- Where does Jefferson use logos, pathos, and
ethos?
69Classical ArgumentWhich of the unit 2 texts can
best be characterized as classical argument?
- Exordiumintroduces the subject while winning the
attention and goodwill of the audience - Narratioputs argument in context by presenting
facts and explaining who, what, when etc. - Partitiodivides up the subject by explaining
what the claim is, what the issues are, and in
what order the subject will be treated - Confirmatiodetailed support
- Refutatioacknowledges and refutes opposing
claims - Perorationsummarizes the case and suggests action
70Compare ContrastThe Declaration of
Independence The American Crisis
71Preamble to the US Constitution
- We the people of the United States, in order to
form a more perfect union, establish justice,
insure domestic tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general welfare, and
secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and
our posterity, do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America.
72Federalist Papers
- Series of 85 articles promoting the ratification
of the United States Constitution - Published between October 1787 and August 1788 in
The Independent Journal and The New York Packet - Authors are believed to be Alexander Hamilton,
James Madison and John Jay - Federalists advocated for strong central
government and adoption of the constitution
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
73Federalist No. 1Alexander Hamilton
- You are called upon to deliberate on a new
Constitution for the United States of America.
The subject speaks its own importance
comprehending in its consequences nothing less
than the existence of the UNION, the safety and
welfare of the parts of which it is composed, the
fate of an empire in many respects the most
interesting in the world. It has been frequently
remarked that it seems to have been reserved to
the people of this country, by their conduct and
example, to decide the important question,
whether societies of men are really capable or
not of establishing good government from
reflection and choice, or whether they are
forever destined to depend for their political
constitutions on accident and force. If there be
any truth in the remark, the crisis at which we
are arrived may with propriety be regarded as the
era in which that decision is to be made and a
wrong election of the part we shall act may, in
this view, deserve to be considered as the
general misfortune of mankind.
74Federalist No. 10James Madison
- What is Madisons central argument?
- Is the greatest appeal in this paper to logos,
ethos, or pathos? Explain. - How does Madison construct his argument. Outline
this. - What statements does he make that are
profoundlets discuss these.
75Unit 3 American Romanticism
- The early 19th century was the first prolific
period of American literature. It is important to
understand how the romantics perceive
individualism. It is also important to
understand the similarities and differences among
the romantics and transcendentalists. - Objectives
- Define the major characteristics of American
romanticism use of symbols, myth, and the
fantastic veneration of nature celebration of
the self isolationism theme of manifest
destiny - Define transcendentalism as an aspect of American
romanticism and explain how it differs from
romanticism - Trace characterization techniques in fiction
- Analyze the structure and effectiveness of
arguments in transcendentalist essays
76Romanticism
- Developed out of the American Renaissance
- Exploration of self is as important as
exploration of the landwriting describes
individual quests for self definition - Romantic writers elevated imagination over
reason, feeling over fact, and nature above all - Irving and Poe represent the fantastical nature
of romanticism, while Melville and Hawthorne
exemplify the agonized hero searching to define
himself
77Washington Irving
78Nathaniel Hawthorne1804-1864
- Descendent of New England Puritansborn in Salem,
Massachusetts - His work is influenced by his Puritan background
and a sense of inherited guilt that led to a
dark vision of the world - He believed that evil was a powerful force in
the world, a sentiment that infuses most of his
fiction. - Wrote throughout his life to acclaim but monetary
failure - Recognized for his powerful use of symbolism
79Reading QuizDr. Heideggers Experiment The
Ministers Black Veil
- Dr. Heideggers Experiment
- How many guests does Dr. Heidegger invite?
- What is believed to be contained in the curious
black book in Dr. Hs study? - What does the rose prove to Dr. Hs guests?
- What does Dr. H serve his guests?
- To where are Dr. Hs guests going on a pilgrimage?
80Reading QuizDr. Heideggers Experiment The
Ministers Black Veil
- The Ministers Black Veil
- What has changed Mr. Hooper into something
awful? - Who confronts Mr. Hooper and asks him to remove
the veil? - What makes Mr. Hooper a very efficient clergyman?
- True or False Mr. Hooper is removed from his
position because he refuses to remove the veil. - True or False The veil hides a deformity, not a
sin.
81The Ministers Black Veil
- A symbol is an object, setting, or character that
has meaning as itself but also stands for
something greater, abstract. What symbols does
Hawthorne use in this story? - A parable is a story that conveys a message.
What message does this story convey? - By calling this story a parable, what
expectations does Hawthorne set up for the
reader? - Explain how the veil might be a symbol of each of
these abstract ideas sin/guilt, sorrow/mourning,
isolation, mystery. - Do you think Hawthornes intentional use of
ambiguity, or uncertain meaning, makes the story
more or less effective?
82Dr. Heideggers Experiment
- Short Story Analysis
- Point of View
- Setting
- Mood
- Plot (Exposition, Rising Action, Climax,
Resolution) - Conflict
- Characters Characterization
- Symbols (with meaning)
- Tone
- Writers Style (elements used to create effect)
- Theme
83Hawthornes Style
- What inferences can we make about Hawthornes
style from these two examples? - What characteristics of American romanticism does
Hawthornes work exemplify?
84Edgar Allen Poe1809-1849
- Born in Boston in 1809 father left and mother
died he was taken in by the John Allan family
lived with them in England from 1815-1820 before
returning to US - Attended University of Virginia where dismissed
for gambling debts - Attended West Point dismissed for violating
academic procedures - Pursued a literary career, but lived in poverty
- Suffered from depression and madness
- Wife, Virginia, died in 1847 at the age of 25
- Died in Baltimore in 1849 alone and unhappy
85Literary Critics on Poe
- Some critics believe that Poes despair over
Virginias lingering illness and death explains
his fascination with doomed female characters,
such as the lost Lenore of The Raven, and the
tormented Madeline Usher of The Fall of the
House of Usher. - Poe is regarded as a brilliant original whose
tireless exploration of altered mental states and
the dark side of human nature changed the
landscape of literature, both in America and
around the world.
86Gothic Literature
- Began in England in the late 1700s
- The word Gothic comes from architecturedescribe
d castles and cathedrals that served as
mysterious settings - Elements of Gothic Style
- Bleak or remote settings
- Macabre or violent incidents
- Characters in psychological and/or physical
torment - Supernatural or otherworldly elements
- Strong language full of dangerous meanings
87Poes Single Effect
- As a literary critic, Poe believed that writing
should achieve a certain unique or single
effect - In other words, every detail in a short story,
play, or poem, should contribute to one
impression - Poes single effect is usually one of fear or
ambiguity regarding what is real (mystery)
88The Fall of the House of Usher The Raven
Gothic Style
89Herman Melville1819-1891
- Occupations worked on whaling ships, brief stint
in navy, writer, inspector for NY customs house - Friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne
- 1851 published The Whale (Moby-Dick)
- Typee and Omoo were his only popular works other
works were rejected during his lifetime - Rediscovered in 1920sMoby Dick is regarded as
one of the finest novels in all of American
literature
90Moby-Dick Reading Quiz
- Who said, Death to Moby-Dick! God hunt us all,
if we do not hunt Moby-Dick to his death!? - What is the job of Queequeg, Tashtego, and Daggoo
on the ship? - What does Ahab offer the man who spots the white
whale? - Who is described in the following quotation from
Starbuck Moby-Dick seeks thee not. It is thou,
thou, that madly seekest him! - What happens to the Pequod?
91Moby-Dick
- Complex Novel with Several Layers of Meaning
- Literally its an adventure story of the voyage
of a whaling ship - Figuratively its a quest story (Ahab seeks
vengeance) its philosophical examination of
humanity and its relationship to the natural
world (whale vs. Ahab) - Its effect is largely based on its use of symbol.
For example - Moby Dick is the most predominant symbol.
Understanding this symbol can help us understand
the theme.
92Symbolism in Moby-Dick
- white whale
- sea
- Pequod
- Captain Ahab
- ___________
- ___________
93Moby-DickA few things to considerfrom Foster
(of course)
- Call me Ishmael. (Melville 11)
- Whaling is one of the most preposterous
activities - Moby-Dick is a revenge tragedy
- This is not Ahabs story and not the whales.
It is Ishmaels. - It is an epic. Good battles evil, but the
existence of divine poles anchoring those forces
is an unresolved issue. - Ahabs pursuit of something that much larger
than himself, his overreaching toward the godly,
may well remind readers of certain other
endeavors in Melvilles still-new country.
Manifest Destiny - Ahab as a Satan figure because he attempts to
play God
94Emily Dickinson1830-1886
- If I feel physically as if the top of my head
were taken off, I know that is poetry. - Read the background information on pages 404-406.
What strikes you as important about Dickinson?
How do you think these details will relate to her
poetry?
95Poetry of Emily Dickinson
- Look for
- Exact Rhyme (identical final stressed syllables)
- Slant Rhyme (final sounds are similar but not
identical) - Paradox (statement that seems contradictory but
presents a truth) - Elements of Romantic Literature
- How does Dickinson compare to the other Romantic
writers you have read so far?
96Transcendentalism
- Merging of literature, philosophy, and religion
- Unique form of romanticism that is intuitive and
ethically engaged - Search for truth
- The individual is central and has a powerful
capacity for intuition - Notable Writers Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry
David Thoreau - Emerson contended that the human mind is so
powerful it can unlock any mystery, from the
intricacies of nature to the wonder of God
97Key Concepts of Transcendentalism
- Individual is celebrated
- Natural world mirrors human life
- Intuition is powerful to grasp fundamental truths
98Walt Whitman1819-1892
- Considered one of the greatest and most
influential American poets although, he achieved
only modest acclaim during his lifetime - Whitmans philosophy grew out of the ideas of
transcendentalism - Poetry mainly derived from observationsWhitman
had a keen sense of observation and an uncanny
ability to comprehend and retain these
observations - Leaves of Grass was his lifes workfirst
published in 1855revised, reshaped, and
expanded until his death in 1892 - Work broke from poetic tradition and celebrated
America
99Questions on Whitmans Work
- Whitman is said to have written an American
Epic. How does this differ from traditional
epic? What epic themes do you see in the poetry
of Whitmangive at least three examples. (Refer
to pages 424-425 and your worksheet for
assistance.) - Compare and contrast the two poems, When I Heard
the Learnd Astronomer and By the Bivouacs
Fitful Flame. How are Whitmans ideas similar
yet different in these two pieces of literature?
100Emerson on Whitman
- Leaves of Grass is the most extraordinary
piece of wit and wisdom that American has yet
contributed.
101Thoreau on Whitman
- We ought to rejoice in him greatly.He is
awfully good.
102Ralph Waldo Emerson1803-1882
- Encouraged from a young age to think
independently and explore thoughts - Son of a minister, Harvard graduate, pastor of
Second Church of Boston, left the church and
pastorate to write - Responsible for the Transcendentalist movement
- Developed the idea of an Over-Soulevery soul
and all of nature is part of an Over-Soul or
universal spirit to which all beings return after
deathevery being is part of Gods mind - His home in Concord, Massachusetts became a
meeting place for the Transcendental
Clubdeveloped a philosophical system that
stressed intuition, individuality, and
self-reliance
103Activities with Emersons Writing
- Based on Nature, what are Emersons and the
transcendentalists core beliefs? - Paraphrase the first paragraph of Self-Reliance.
- Choose three statements from Self-Reliance and
respond to them by discussing their meaning, your
opinion, and how you believe these statements
connect to America today.
104Henry David Thoreau1817-1864
- Considered eccentric as a child rarely followed
rules - Teacher, but objected to corporal punishment and
quit his first jobhe and his bother founded
their own school - 1841 he moved into the home of Emerson
- 1845-1847 lived alone in a one room cabin near
Walden Pondresulted in the material for his
collection Walden - Died at age 44 from tuberculosis
105Emerson on Thoreau
- Speaking at his funeral
- The country knows not yet, or in the least part,
how great a son it has lostHis soul was made for
the noblest society he had in a short life
exhausted the capabilities of his world wherever
there is knowledge, wherever there is virtue,
wherever there is beauty, he will find a home.
106In "The American Scholar," Emerson described the
three basic stages of a transcendentalist's life
first, he learns all that is of merit in the
wisdom of the past second, he establishes a
harmonious relationship with nature through which
he is able to discover ethical truths and
communicate with the divine. With these two
stages, the transcendentalist has developed his
higher faculties he has cultivated his life and
"spiritualized" it. (We see the narrator of
Walden go through these two stages in his
progress toward spiritual rebirth.) After thus
cultivating his own spirit, the transcendentalist
does not selfishly remain content with himself.
The third stage he must attempt, after
self-renewal, is the renewal of society-at-large.
After being nurtured by books and nature, he must
attempt to share his spiritual gains with other
men who have not yet achieved their perfect
spiritual states. from cliffsnotes.com
107Walden
- What is Thoreaus purpose and argument?
- Transcendentalism focuses on gaining spiritual
knowledge through recognizing ones connection to
God and nature. How is it that Thoreau acquires
knowledge during his time at Walden Pond? What
is it that he has come to understand? - Identify examples of aphorisms (pronouncements)
that Thoreau states in this text.
108Civil Disobedience
- What is it Thoreau means by the term civil
disobedience? - Thoreau is philosophically opposed to government.
Where do you find evidence of this in the essay? - Ironically, Thoreau urges readers to make a
better government? Why does he do this? Does
this call to action strengthen or undermine his
argument?
109Unit 4 A Troubled Young Nation
- The literature of the late 19th century deals
with particular themes related to the evolving
young American nation - Challenges of westward expansion
- Slavery
- Changing role of women
- Regionalism
- Displacement of Native Americans
- Growth of Cities
- Immigration
- Individualism
- Pursuit of Liberty
110Unit 4 A Troubled Young NationObjectives
- Determine and analyze the development of the
theme or themes in American literature of the
nineteenth century freedom, the American dream,
racism, regionalism, survival, individual vs.
society, and civilized society vs. the
wilderness - Compare the treatment of related themes in
different genres - Explain how characters in fiction in late
nineteenth century America express the challenges
facing America at the time, citing both textual
evidence from both fiction and nonfiction to make
the case
111The Civil War Era
- Refer to pages 462-476
- What do we need to know
- Shapshot of the period (462-63)
- Historical Background (464-65)
- Essential Questions
- How does literature shape or reflect society?
(466-69) - What is the relationship between place and
literature? (470-71) - What makes American literature American? (472-73)
- Contemporary Commentary (475-76)
- Discuss periodization and how your own time
might be periodized (refer to Extend Your
Learning box on 476)
112- Compare and contrast
- realism and naturalism.
113Responding to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
(Journal 1)
- Now that you have read the first 18 chapters of
the novel, discuss Twains commentary on one of
the following topics - Domestic Abuse
- Theft/Burglary
- Murder
- Slavery
- Coming of Age (growing up)
114The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain
- Who is Mark Twain?
- Why are we reading this novel?
- What is satire? (the mockery of human pretentions
and failings) How does Twain use satire and for
what effects? - What is ironic about this novel?
115The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnby Mark Twain
- As you read, mark passages relating to the
following topics for discussion - Literary Techniques (style, POV, figurative
lang., symbolism..) - Characterization of Huck, Tom, other
significant characters - Hucks innocence experience
- Twains satire and humor
- Superstitions
- sivilizing Huck
- Hypocrisy
- Crime
- Slavery
- Freedom
116Reading Quiz 1Chapters 1-18
- Fill in the blank You dont know about me ,
without you have read a book by the name of The
Adventures of ___________________________. - When Huck refers to the River, which river is
he speaking of? - Who has a cross in his left boot-heel made with
big nails, to keep of the devil? - Who are the two people hiding on Jacksons Island
at the same time? - Who says, You wouldn tell on me ef I uz to
tell you, would you, Huck?...II run off? - What event do Huck and Jim believe brings them
bad luck starting with Jim being bitten by a
snake and continuing with various separations and
run-ins with questionable people? - What is the real identity of Sarah Mary Williams
and George Jackson? - According to Huck, what is the difference between
Paps view on borrowing and the Widow Douglass
view? - Who says, Is a free man, en I couldnt ever ben
free ef it hadn ben for Huck? - Who is Huck talking to when he says, Spose
youd a done right and give Jim up would you
felt better than what you do now?
117Reading Quiz 2Chapters 19-23
- At which time of day do Huck and Jim travel?
Why? - Huck says, It didnt take me long to make up my
mind that these liars warnt no kings nor dukes,
at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds.
Why does Huck keep this knowledge from Jim? - Name one of the Shakespearean plays the Duke and
King attempt to perform. - Who diesSherburn or Boggs?
- He was thinking about his wife and his children,
away up yonder, and he was low and homesick
because he hadnt ever been away from home before
in his life. Who is the he being referred to
in this passage?
118Characterization
- Direct Characterization author gives the reader
specific details about the character and his/her
personality - Indirect Characterization author reveals
character and personality traits through events,
dialogue, and interaction - Characterize Huck Finn using the diagram
provided. Be creative with your drawing.
Surround him with quotations, paraphrases, and
comments relating to his character and
personality. Include page numbers with the
quotations, paraphrases, and comments.
119Discussion after Chapter 26
- Literary Techniques (style, POV, figurative
lang., symbolism..) - Characterization of Huck, Tom, other
significant characters - Hucks innocence experience
- Twains satire and humor
- Superstitions
- sivilizing Huck
- Hypocrisy
- Crime
- Slavery
- Freedom
- Religion
- Morality/Ethical Behavior
120Write a Response
-
- What is the significance of Hucks statement,
All right, then, Ill go to hell? Be sure to
discuss how this comment relates to the
characterization of Huck, the novel as a whole,
and Twain claims.
121Reading Quiz Chapters 24-34
- Who do the Duke and King impersonate in order to
steal an inheritance? - Who says to the King and Duke, Take the six
thousand dollars, and invest for me and my
sisters any way you want to, and dont give us
no receipt for it? - Where does Huck hide the money-bag when he is
almost discovered? - When the lawyers says, I wouldnt strain myself,
if I was you, I reckon you aint used to lying,
it dont seem to come handy what you want is
practice, who is he speaking to?
122Reading Quiz Chapters 24-34
- 5. Who says, Out with you Jim, and set her
loose! Glory be to goodness were shut of
them!? - 6. How much money does the King get for Jim?
- 7. Who says, All right, then, Ill go to hell?
- 8. Who is Huck mistaken for when he gets to the
Phelps plantation? - 9. Who says, Ill help you steal Jim?
- 10. How do Huck and his comrade intend to free
Jim?
123Reading Quiz Chapters 35-Last
- Who says, Well, if that aint just like you,
Huck FinnWhy, haint you ever read any books at
all? - What do Tom and Huck attempt to dig Jim out
withthe result is blistered hands? - Name one of the items Huck and Tom steal from the
clothesline. - What is ironic about how the boys get the
grindstone into Jims cabin? - Who says, I never knowed bfo, t was so much
bother and trouble to be a prisoner?
124Reading Quiz Chapters 35-Last
- 6. Who gets shot during Jims escape?
- 7. Who arrives back at the Phelps plantation
wearing her calico dress? - 8. Who says, They haint got no right to shut
him up!...Turn him loose! he aint no slave hes
as free as any cretur that walks this earth!? - 9. How much does Tom pay Jim for being prisoner
for Tom and Huck so patient? - 10. When Jim says, He aint a comin back no
mo, Huck, to whom is Jim referring?
125Thomas C. Foster on Huck Finn
- Why does he include Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn in Twenty-Five Books that Shaped America? - What are Fosters thoughts on social criticism,
innocents narrative, Huck himself, the last
chapters, Hucks language, Twains contribution
to literature, and the controversy?
126Archetypes in Huck Finn
- Archetype denotes recurrent narrative designs,
patterns of action, character-types, themes, and
images which are identifiable in a wide variety
of works of literature, as well as in myths,
dreams, and even social rituals - How do archetypes relate to symbolism?
- What archetypes are present in Huck Finn?
127Themes in Huck Finn
- The institution of slavery is immoral
- Race is a filter through which individuals are
judgedyet this is unfair, even immoral - Conscience should guide morality however, moral
standards are largely taught and determined by
society and are hard to overcome - Every person deserves personal freedom
- Friendship is based on trust and respect
- Check out Shmoop.com for others
128Identifying Irony in Huck Finn
- Irony is generally defined as the contrast
between expectation and reality - Situational Irony events dont occur as the
character or audience expects - Verbal Irony meaning implied is different than
the meaning expressed (sarcasm is a crude form of
verbal irony characterized by a harmful intent
and inflection of the voice) - Dramatic Irony the audience shares with the
author knowledge of which the character is
ignorant
129Literary Criticism and Huck Finn
- Literary criticism is the evaluation, analysis,
description, or interpretation of literary works.
It is usually in the form of a critical essay,
but in-depth book reviews can sometimes be
considered literary criticism. Criticism may
examine a particular literary work, or may look
at an author's writings as a whole.
130Literary Criticism and Huck Finn
- What is your initial impression of the critical
analysis you have read? Do you find the writers
credible? Their arguments convincing? - What do the Doren, Brooks, and Johnson essays
have in common? - What else do you find insightful in these
critical analyses? - What interpretations do they share with Foster?
131Literary Criticism and Huck Finn
- Based on your reading of the February 20, 1885
review from the Hartford Courant, how was
Huckleberry Finn received? - What is Smileys interpretation of Huck Finn?
What does she argue? How does she support this
argument? - How does Pinsker respond to Smiley? What is her
argument? - Which writer, Pinsker or Smiley, has the stronger
argument? Why?
132Huck Finn Test Prompt
- Develop a point of view on the value of The
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an American
novel. Synthesize information from the essays
you have read by Foster, Pinsker, Smiley, Brooks,
Doren, and Johnson, as well as the article from
the Hartford Courant. You are required to use
information from at least three of these sources
to support your argument. Your references must
be documented with in text citations.
133SpiritualsGo Down, Moses Swing Low, Sweet
Chariot
- Folk songs often sung by enslaved African
Americans - What purpose did the spirituals serve in the
slave community? - Why do they have refrains?
- How are they allegorical?
- What allusions exist in the spirituals? What is
their purpose?
134The Gettysburg AddressAbraham Lincoln
- Why is the Gettysburg Address considered one of
Americas most important speeches? - What are Lincolns purposes for this speech? How
does he accomplish these purposes? - Why is his diction important?
- What can we learn about rhetoric from this speech?
135Letter to His SonRobert E. Lee
- Who is Robert E. Lee?
- What does this letter reveal about Lee and his
attitudes toward the impending Civil War? - How is his diction important to our understanding
of the significance of this letter?
136Short Story Presentations
- An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
- by Ambrose Bierce
- Plot of the story
- Organization of Plot
- Point of View
- Stream of Consciousness
- Irony
- Writers tone influence
- Theme/Message
- Insight into Civil War
- An Episode of War
- by Stephen Crane
- Plot of the story
- Naturalism Examples
- Theme/Message
- Character of lieutenant
- Irony
- Insight into Civil War
137Realism Naturalism
- Realism originated as a reaction to
Romanticismwriters began to focus on portrayals
of real life as ordinary people lived it
intent was to show characters and events in an
hones, objective, almost factual way - Naturalism wanted to portray real life but
believed lives were controlled by forces beyond
human understanding or control - indifferent nature, blind fate, heredity, and
pure chance determined the lives of men and women - Naturalists questioned ideas about human goodness
and the beauty of nature - Characters are often victims of their own choices
or of a violent world
138The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
Reading Quiz
- What story does Simon Wheeler tell the narrator?
- What is Jim Smileys hobby?
- Who is Andrew Jackson in the story?
- What is the name of the Smileys frog?
- When its time for the contest, why cant
Smileys frog jump? - Does the narrator get the desired information
from Simon Wheeler?
139Twains Humor
- Humor is writing intended to amuse
- Humorists Devices
- Incongruity using a serious tone to de