Ted Jones, Sr' Program Manager

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A National Opportunityto Improve Energy
Performance in Municipal Water and Wastewater
Systems
CEE 4th Annual Industry Partners
Meeting September 25-26, 2007 St. Louis, MO

• Ted Jones, Sr. Program Manager
• Tuesday, September 25, 2007

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Session I A National Opportunity to Improve
Energy Performance in Municipal Water
Wastewater Plants

• 1. A Common Market Framework
• Discussion What are some of the biggest
  barriers to energy-efficiency in the municipal
  water and wastewater market?
• 2. CEE Member Interest Activity
• 3. ENERGY STAR Water and Wastewater Focus
• Wastewater facility energy performance
  benchmarking
• Discussion How could benchmarking help
  efficiency programs and industry stakeholders
  address current barriers to energy efficiency?

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Session II A Standard Approach to Support Energy
Savings in the Water Wastewater Sector

• Question 1 How could continuous improvement
  in the water/wastewater sector be supported?
• PGEs Experience Utilizing Benchmarking in
  Commercial Buildings
• Discussion What aspects are applicable to the
  water/wastewater sector?
• Question 2 What Does Energy-Efficiency Look Like
  in Water-Wastewater Plants
• Proven Measures Program Experience in Vermont,
  San Francisco and Wisconsin
• Proven Resources Best practices guides, tools,
  software, training and assessments
• Next Steps

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Municipal Water and Wastewater Model
Water Resource
Water Production
Water Treatment
Transmission
Distribution
Waste Water Collection
Waste Water Treatment
Customer
Solids
Electric Generation
Liquids
Discharge
Reuse
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A Common Market Framework of the Water and
Wastewater Sector

• What are the biggest barriers to
  energy-efficiency in the municipal water and
  wastewater market?

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Overview of the Municipal Water Wastewater
Market in 2000

• WATER
• 52,000 community water systems produce 51 billion
  gallons per day
• 74 use ground water producing 30 of the total
• 11 use surface water producing 50 of the total
• 15 purchase water accounting for 20
• 4,000 utilities serve populations above 10,000,
  covering 85 of the total US population
• Source 2000 EPA Community Water Survey

• WASTEWATER
• 16,255 publicly owned treatment works (POTWs)
  serve 75 of the US population by treating 34.8
  billion gallons per day
• 3,198 plants have flows greater than 1 mgd and
  account for 92 percent of the total being treated
  nationally
• 13,045 plants have flows less than 1 mgd
  accounting for 8 percent or less of the national
  total
• Source 2000 EPA Community Water Needs Survey

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Water Supply and Distribution
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Water Supply and Distribution Industry

• 85 percent are publicly-owned serving 97 percent
  of the population
• The number, type, size and population served vary
  greatly this data is publicly available via EPA
• In general, larger systems use surface water
  smaller systems use ground water
• 33 billion in water sales (2000)
• 10 billion per year in capital spending
• Driven by Safe Water Drinking Act and its
  regulatory requirements
• Need for increased infrastructure investment due
  to
• Systems are aging
• Population shifts and increases
• New treatment requirements and deterioration of
  intake water quality
• AWWA estimates that investments of 250 billion
  will be needed over the next 30 years to comply
  with future regulations.

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Water Utility Energy Profile

• Electricity Consumption 30 billion kWh in 2000
  (EPRI)
• Pumping represents anywhere from 70-90 of energy
  consumption, depending on treatment needs.

• Ground Water Utilities
• 1,800 kWh/MG on avg.
• Well Pumping 33
• Chlorination 1
• Booster Pumping 66

• Surface Water Utilities
• 1,400 kWh/MG on avg.
• Raw Water Pumping 9
• Treatment 5
• Treated Water Pumping 86

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Typical Pump Types

• Deep Well Turbine
• Submersible Well
• Turbine Booster
• Centrifugal Booster

Deep well turbine pump (SCE, 2007)
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Factors Affecting Pumping Energy Use in Water
Systems (examples)

• Elevation
• Main Length
• System Integrity
• Age of System
• Turbidity of Water
• Unaccounted for Water

• Water Source
• Population Served
• Availability of Storage
• Piping System Design
• Pump Sizing, Selection
• Pump System Efficiency

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Energy Savings Potential in Water Treatment Plants

• Savings Potential of 5-30 percent
• 5 percent would result in annual energy savings
  of 1.5 billion kWh
• Typical Energy-efficiency Projects
• Premium-efficiency Motors and Variable Frequency
  Drives
• Pump Testing (audit) and Pump System Optimization
  
• Distribution Systems Maintenance and Pipe
  Coatings
• Control Strategies (such as SCADA systems)
• monitor energy performance of equipment
• limit peak demand
• schedule pumps for most efficient operation
• Lighting, HVAC Upgrades

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Wastewater Collection and Treatment
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Wastewater Collection and Treatment

• 85 percent are publicly-owned serving 75 percent
  of the population
• The number, location (by state), type, size and
  population served vary greatly this data is
  publicly available via EPA
• 12 billion in water sales (2000)
• 13-21 billion per year in capital spending
  2000-2019 (per CBO 2002)
• Driven by the Clean Water Act and its regulatory
  requirements

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Wastewater Collection and Treatment

• Under financial pressure to
• meet current water quality requirements
• maintain existing systems
• expand to meet growing needs of the public
• 162 billion in added investment needed
• Secondary and advanced treatment (57.2b)
• Wastewater collection and conveyance (54.1b)
• Correct problems with sewer systems that combine
  storm runoff with wastewater (50.6 b)
• Source 2000 EPA Clean Watersheds Needs Survey

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Classifying Wastewater Systems

• Level of Treatment
• Less than secondary
• Secondary
• Greater than Secondary
• No Discharge
• Partial Treatment

• Secondary Treatment
• Activated Sludge with advanced treatment and
  nitrification
• Activated Sludge with advanced treatment, no
  nitrification
• Activated Sludge with no advanced treatment or
  nitrification
• No Activated Sludge
• Trickling Filter

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Wastewater Utility Energy Profile

• Electricity Consumption
• 21 billion kWh in 2000 (EPRI)
• 1,800 kWh/MG on average
• Major Energy Uses aeration, solids handling,
  pumping
• Natural Gas Consumption
• 60 percent recover some percentage of digester
  bio-gas for heating, power generation or other
  purposes(2004 NACWA Survey)
• 2 million therms per year per facility
• Major Energy Uses building heating and cooling,
  incineration, electric power generation, digester
  heating, bio-solids drying

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Electricity Requirement for Typical Activated
Sludge Facilities (WEF)
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Aeration

• Fundamental to the biological treatment of
  wastewater.
• Introduces dissolved oxygen which is required to
  stabilize organic material (i.e. remove BOD) as
  well as nitrify and denitrify the waste stream.
• Also used for mixing to keep solids in
  suspension.
• Two main types
• diffused air systems that blow air into water
  (blowers and diffusers)
• Mechanical aerators that thrash the surface to
  drive in air bubbles
• Efficiency of aeration systems depend on the
  design of the equipment, how it is operated, how
  it is maintained.

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WHY IS SO MUCH ENERGY REQUIRED?
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Energy Savings Potential in Wastewater Plants

• Potential Savings of 12-40 percent
• 10 improvement in aeration 303-766 million kWh
  per year
• 2 improvement in pumping 34 million kWh per
  year
• Typical Energy Efficiency Upgrades
• Premium-efficiency Motors Variable Frequency
  Drives
• Improving pump system efficiency
• Use of dissolved oxygen (DO) probes to allow
  operators (or automated control systems) to
  adjust blower systems in real time
• Improving oxygen transfer efficiency (OTE) via
  fine bubble diffusers and other means.
• Implementing control strategies to monitor energy
  performance of key processes and systems, and to
  properly schedule (sequence) equipment

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Key Industry Drivers/Trends

• Mandate to meet public demand for clean water
• Meeting water quality regulations/permits
• More stringent water quality requirements (NPDES,
  TMDLs)
• System reliability
• Limited availability of funding
• Capital Budgets State Revolving Loan Funds,
  Municipal Bonds (SP, Moodys) investment gap
• Operational Budgets Shortfalls in municipal OM
  budgets (and management systems) to adequately
  maintain existing systems.
• System maintenance and upkeep

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Energy is Significant OM Cost for Most Water and
Wastewater Facilities
OM Costs in Typical Water System
Maintenance 2
Energy 28
Chems 4
Maint 3
Other 7
Solids 12
Staffing 46
OM Costs in Typical Wastewater System
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More Energy Consumption Expected per Unit
Processed

• Increasing use of energy intensive technologies
  to meet future water quality regulations
• Reuse of Wastewater
• Ultra and Micro Filtration
• Ultraviolet and Ozone Disinfection
• Membrane Bioreactors
• Reverse Osmosis

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Reuse of Wastewater

• Allows water to be used more effectively but can
  result in an additional 20-40 increase in energy
  use over conventional treatment methods

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Ultra and Micro Filtration Membranes

• Treat water or wastewater resulting in high
  quality effluent but increase energy use by 10

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Ultraviolet and Ozone Provide High Levels of
Water Wastewater Treatment

• Ozone and UV provide significant water quality
  benefits but consume from 100 to 400 more energy
  than traditional treatment methods

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Reverse Osmosis

• An effective method for desalting sea water and
  reuse of wastewater, but requires 500 more
  energy than conventional water or wastewater
  treatment

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Energy Management must be System Wide

• In many cases, utilities must balance water
  quality needs with energy and other operating
  costs
• This includes introducing new, more energy
  intensive technologies
• But also requires the proper management of the
  entire treatment process from transport, to
  treatment to distribution to maximize efficiency
• Treatment plants are typically designed to meet
  peak demand and future capacity (20 years). This
  practice frequently leads to over-sizing of
  equipment and wasted energy.

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Energy Awareness and Understanding Among Plant
Operators and Managers is Frequently Low

• According to WI Focus on Energy
• Only 5 of operators see plant energy bills
• Only 1 of operators see and understand their
  energy bills

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Bottom-line

• High and Rising Energy Costs, and Energys
  Influence on the Operating Budget Drives a Strong
  Business Case to Invest in Energy Management.

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Consulting Engineering Firms
WEF/WERF
Pump Mfgs Distributors
AWWA/ AWWARF
EPA ENERGY STAR
Electric Utilities
N. Gas Utilities
EPA Water Office
AE Firms
Bond Raters
Ratepayers
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Consulting Engineering Firms
WEF/WERF
Pump Mfgs Distributors
AWWA/ AWWARF
EPA ENERGY STAR
Electric Utilities
N. Gas Utilities
EPA Water Office
AE Firms
Bond Raters
Ratepayers
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CEE Member Interest Activity
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CEE Water Wastewater Initiative Builds on its
Earlier Industrial Initiatives

• CEE Premium-Efficiency Motors Initiative - 1996
• Defined high-efficiency motors using EPACT 1992
  as a baseline (1-200 hp motors, 2-4-6 Pole
  Motors)
• Aligned with NEMA Premium spec and brand 2001
• CEE Motor Systems Initiative - 1999
• Identifying best practices for programs to adopt
  regarding pump, fan and compressed air systems
• Raising awareness about the opportunity for
  savings
• Motor Decisions Matter Campaign 2001
• Collaborative effort with motor manufacturers,
  repair shops and distributors
• Focusing on promoting greater awareness of motor
  management, supporting cost-effective
  repair-replace decision-making in the market

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Member Interest in Municipal Water and Wastewater
Sector

• Strong presence across CEE member service
  territories
• Wisconsin 650 wastewater plants
• N. California 480 wastewater plants
• New York 701 wastewater plants
• Similarities among facilities (processes,
  decision-making, motivations, mission)
• Members are actively serving this sector (see
  handout)
• dedicated programs (PGE, SCE, NYSERDA, WI FOE)
• existing incentive programs (e.g., lighting,
  motors, drives, etc.)
• custom programs (e.g., pump system improvement
  projects, process enhancements)

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CEE Municipal Water and Wastewater Facility
Initiative - 2005

• Objective increase awareness of and demand for
  energy efficiency within the municipal water and
  wastewater sector
• Strategy To build a template of nationally
  consistent tools and messages for members to
  incorporate into their programs and to deliver
  nationally

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Initiative Elements

• Support member efforts to educate water and
  wastewater customers about the benefits of energy
  efficiency at the national level
• ENERGY STARs Water and Wastewater Focus
• Development of an energy performance benchmark
• Provide a forum for members to exchange
  innovative program approaches in the sector.
• Identify best practices for programs serving
  municipal water and wastewater customers and
  serve as a clearinghouse.
• Develop program guidance on specific
  energy-saving opportunities
• Explore opportunities to coordinate with national
  water wastewater industry associations,
  water-related research associations, suppliers to
  of product and service providers on messaging.

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Addresses Needs of Efficiency Program
Administrators

• Understanding the market
• How energy is used
• Decision-making process
• Identifying best practices for energy-efficiency
• Promoting awareness in the market
• Gaining support for enhanced energy performance