Prsentation PowerPoint

1
STATIONARY SOURCE CONTROL AND ITS REPLICABILITY
IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES
J.C. OPPENEAU
BETTER AIR QUALITY DECEMBER 2006 ADEME
2
European directives concerning air pollution From
stationary sources

• National emission ceilings for certain
  atmospheric pollutants
• Integrated pollution prevention control
• Pollution from large combustion plants
• Volatile organic compounds resulting from
  certain industrial activities
• in certain installations (VOC)
• Convention on long-range transboundary air
  pollution
• Clean Air For Europe programme (CAFE)

3
Integrated pollution prevention and control
IPPC Directive (september 24, 1996 amending
acts 2003-2005)

• A requirement for industrial and agriculture
  activities with high pollution
• potential to have a PERMIT
• (energy indutries, production and processing of
  metals, mineral and chemical industries, waste
• management, livestock farming, etc)
• To receive a permit, an installation must
• use all appropriate pollution-prevention means,
  namely the best available
• techniques (BAT, green technologies) which
  produce the least liquid and solid
• wastes, use less hazardous substances, enable
  the recovery and recycling of
• substances generated,
• prevent all largescale pollution
• improve efficient energy use
• prevent, recycle or dispose of waste in the
  least polluting way possible
• ensure accident prevention and damage limitation
  (risk assessment)
• return sites to their original state when the
  activity is over

4
Directive pollution from large combustion
plants (november 11, 2001)
This directive applies to combustion plants
(technical apparates in which fuels are oxidised
in order to use the heat thus generated) with a
rated thermal input equal to or greater than 50
MW, irrespective of type of fuel used To
reduce the annual emissions of SO2, NOx, from
existing plants and to lay down limit values for
SO2 , NOx and PM in the case of new plants
5
National emissions ceilings to reach in 2010 (in
kilotonnes)
6
Air emissions from stationary sources in France
(1990 2004)
7
A MAJOR HEALTH ISSUE
FINE PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2,5 AND LESS) LIMIT
VALUES IN AMBIENT AIR
EU research study showed that a reduction of PM
10 particles concentration from 60mg/m3 to
25mg/m3 avoid 4470 death (in 26 towns) and more
with a limit value of 10 mg/m3 . EU proposes a
PM 2,5 annual limit value of 20 mg/m3 by year
2015. WHO PM 2,5 guide value annual
concentration 10 mg/m3
AN OTHER HEALTH ISSUE OZONE PROBLEM IN LOW
ATMOSPHERIC LAYER
8
PROGRAM HOW TO LIMIT EMISSIONS ?

• APPLICATIONSMunicipal Waste Incineration Plants
  / Industrial Waste Incineration Plants / Hospital
  Waste Incineration Plants / etc.
• Power plants and combustion industrial processes
• Regulations and standards urban and national
  levels
• Planning for protection of urban and regional air
  quality
• Continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS)
• Measurement at the stack (pollution control)
• Measurement at upstream (process control)
• Polluters pay principal for emission (tax
  according to weight of gas emitted)

9
Various types of incinerators
Urban waste (municipal)
Cement plant incinerating industrial waste
- Dedicated Industrial waste - Chemical plant
using its own incinerators - Hospital waste
Sludge (municipal, chemical, paper or waste water
treatment plants)
10
Environnemental friendly technologies

• Preparation of fuel materials and by-product
  energy sources (clean coal, RDF, wood, biofuels,
  etc)
• Low NOx burner
• Pollution abatement devices (gas)
• DeNOx
• DeDiox
• Acid neutralization
• Desulfurization
• Filtration of particles
• Electrostatic precipitator
• Baghouse
• Cogeneration (heat and power)
• Use of renewable energy sources
• Promotion of low carbon power generation
  technologies

11
Regulations Standard EU Emission Regulation
Incineration Plants Emission Limit Values
12
Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• Incineration
• Stocker furnace
• Low air ratio combustion
• Water cooled grates
• High temperature, high pressure boiler
• Pyrolysis and melting
• Kiln type
• Fluidized bed system
• Others
• Flue gas treatment
• Dry
• Semi-dry
• Wet

13
Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• HCl and SO2 reduction
• Injection of reagents (such as lime) into the
  reactor gt operating cost
• Inlet (upstream the reactor) monitoring to
  control the efficiency of the gas treatment
  

HCl, SO2, NOx (1000 to 2000 mg/Nm3)
14
Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• Reduction of NOx with a DeNOx system
• SNCR Selective Non Catalytic Reduction
• SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction

15
Various types of process / flue gas treatment

• Reduction of dust (bag filter) with wet
  processWith dry or semi-dry process

16
Measurement at the stackDry extractive with IR
GFC multi-gas analyzer SEC / MIR 9000
17
EXEMPLE OF CEMS IN STACK
18
Measurement at the stackMulti-gas FTIR analyzer
MIR-FT

• Real time and continuous multi-components
  analyzer HCl, SO2, NO, NO2, N2O, CO, CO2, CH4,
  HC, TOC, HF, NH3, and H20 More than 12 gases
  simultaneously monitored
• O2 measurement with heated cell
• Measurement bench heated at 180C
• Excellent stability
• Pattern Fast Fourier Transform Software
  MatrixTM
• Can also be used with SEC sampling system (dry)

19
EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEMES
GLOBAL WARNING STAKE EU CO2 EMISSIONS 1 785
MILLIONS TONS
First phase (2005-2007) total allocations of 1
848 millions tons of CO2 9420 industrial plants
21 countries (not including Poland, Cyprus,
Luxembourg, Malta) EU Carbon Market 15
euros/tons (May 2006) Second phase (2008-2012)
in preparation

• French total allocations
• phase 1 156,61 Mt CO2
• phase 2 161,17 Mt CO2 (including N2O emission)
• CO2 EU limit value for cars 140g/km (2008)

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (KYOTO PROTOCOL)
20
CO2 EMISSION FACTORS
21
Clean Coal Challenge (a carbon constrained
world)
Target coal utilization for combustion and
gasification of by-products
ISSUES

• Carbon capture and storage
• geological and terrestrial sequestration of CO2
• IPCC (inergovernmental panel on climate change)
  geological storage capacity 2000 gigatonnes
• Coal to liquid (GTL) synthetic oil.
• - direct liquefaction (hydrogenation)
• - indirect liquefaction gasification and
  Fisher-Tropsch process (converts synthesis gas
• to liquid hydrocarbons)
• Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
• gasification of coal to syngas pollution
  abatement use of turbine (innovation programme)
  with
• high efficiency
• Pressurized fluidized bed combustion technology
  (good efficiency)
• NECESSITY FOR INVESTMENTS
• In 2003 coal provided 40 of power generation
  in the world

22

REVISION OF NEC-DIRECTIVE (IN PROGRESS)

• all substantial european commission proposals
  have to be accompagned
• by an impact assessment
• émission inventory with baseline projection
  (future changes in abatement
• efficiency according to current legislation and
  starts from a base year)
• energy projection
• alternative solutions projections
• scenarii (what could happen if )
• maximum technical feasible reduction (MTFR)
• numerous scenarii between baseline and MTFR
• sensitivity cases
• importance to check robustness of results
• account of national legislation and national
  practices (if stricter)

23
REPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES

• To prepare, implement and to enforce with dates
  on entry into force
• for environnemental protection concerning
  emissions of pollutants from
• stationary sources (limit values of emissions)
• To set up national emission inventories and
  updating
• To draw up programmes for the reduction of their
  annual national emission
• To have follow up and verification programmes
• To develop inspectors staff for implementation
  and enforcement of mesures
• To set up taxes and penalties scales

24
REPLICABILITY IN DIFFERENT ASIAN COUNTRIES

• To encourage technology innovation for upgrading
  energy use to realize
• Sustainable development and to provide clean
  production and recycling
• To manage CEMS for compliance with NEC
  legislation
• To strengthen efficient use of fuel resources
  (clean oil and clean coal biofuels
• renewable energies to limit greenhouse gas
  effects)
• To identify areas with critical loads of acid
  deposition to be reduced (SO2, NOx,
• VOC, NH3)
• To build eco-friendly industrial parks
  (industrial or circular ecology)