Organelles

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Organelles the tiny, weeny organs of cells
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Organelles the tiny, weeny organs of
cells Organelles can be thought as analogous to
the organs of our body each perform a specific
job, they interact with each other and they
cannot function independently
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Organelles the tiny, weeny organs of
cells Organelles can be thought as analogous to
the organs of our body each perform a specific
job, they interact with each other and they
cannot function independently All the following
organelles are founded exclusively in eukaryotic
cells except for ribosomes, which are also found
in prokaryotic cells
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Animal cell anatomy
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Nucleus The most obvious organelle in a cell is
the nucleus. This can be observed under a light
microscope, though you may need to use a stain
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Animal cell anatomy
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• Nucleus
• The most obvious organelle in a cell is the
  nucleus.
• This can be observed under a light microscope,
  though you may need to use a stain
• The nucleus comprises four regions
• 1. Chromatin
• this is DNA and protein

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• Nucleus
• The most obvious organelle in a cell is the
  nucleus.
• This can be observed under a light microscope,
  though you may need to use a stain
• The nucleus comprises four regions
• 1. Chromatin
• this is DNA and protein
• (remember the nucleoproteins? An example of a
  conjugated protein)

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• Nucleus
• The most obvious organelle in a cell is the
  nucleus.
• This can be observed under a light microscope,
  though you may need to use a stain
• The nucleus comprises four regions
• 2. Nucleolus
• A granular structure in the nucleus.
• 1-3 present.
• Made of protein and nucleic acids
• Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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• Nucleus
• The most obvious organelle in a cell is the
  nucleus.
• This can be observed under a light microscope,
  though you may need to use a stain
• The nucleus comprises four regions
• 3. Nucleoplasm
• semi-fluid medium inside the nucleus

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• Nucleus
• The most obvious organelle in a cell is the
  nucleus.
• This can be observed under a light microscope,
  though you may need to use a stain
• The nucleus comprises four regions
• 4. Nuclear membrane /envelope
• Double membrane with pores
• Separates nucleoplasm from rest of cell

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The nucleus and the nuclear envelope
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Prokaryotic cells do not have their genetic
material bound within a membrane like eukaryotic
cells
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Prokaryotic cells do not have their genetic
material bound within a membrane like eukaryotic
cells The genetic material is contained in a
long looping chromosome called a nucleoid
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Prokaryotic cells do not have their genetic
material bound within a membrane like eukaryotic
cells The genetic material is contained in a
long looping chromosome called a nucleoid As
well, small strands of ringed DNA called plasmids
float in the prokaryotic cytosol We
genetically engineer the plasmids of certain
bacteria to produce insulin for human diabetics
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Ribosomes These organelles are found in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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Ribosomes These organelles are found in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells They are small
spherical bodies that consist of RNA and protein
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Ribosomes These organelles are found in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells They are small
spherical bodies that consist of RNA and
protein They are the site of protein synthesis
ie proteins are made here
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Ribosomes These organelles are found in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells They are small
spherical bodies that consist of RNA and
protein They are the site of protein synthesis
ie proteins are made here Found free
(unattached) in the cytosol individually or in
groups polyribosomes - and also found attached
to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic
cells. Its what makes this E.R. rough
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Ribosomes These organelles are found in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells They are small
spherical bodies that consist of RNA and
protein They are the site of protein synthesis
ie proteins are made here Found free
(unattached) in the cytosol individually or in
groups polyribosomes - and also found attached
to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic
cells. Its what makes this E.R. rough Ribosomes
are not bound in a membrane
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Cytoskeleton The cell skeleton
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Cytoskeleton The cell skeleton Cell strength and
support is provided by the cytoskeleton, an
internal framework of protein microtubules,
microfilaments and intermediate filaments
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Microtubules are small hollow cylinders made of
the globular protein tubulin Microtubules help
maintain the shape of the cell and act as tracks
along which organelles can move.
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Microfilaments occur in bundles or mesh-like
networks Made of the protein actin They are
solid, not hollow. Thin and flexible when
compared to microtubules
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Cytoskeleton The cell skeleton Cell strength and
support is provided by the cytoskeleton, an
internal framework of protein microtubules,
microfilaments and intermediate filaments They
combine to assist in
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• Cytoskeleton
• The cell skeleton
• Cell strength and support is provided by the
  cytoskeleton, an internal framework of protein
  microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
  filaments
• They combine to assist in
• Maintaining cell shape

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• Cytoskeleton
• The cell skeleton
• Cell strength and support is provided by the
  cytoskeleton, an internal framework of protein
  microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
  filaments
• They combine to assist in
• Maintaining cell shape
• Providing a framework for things inside the cell

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• Cytoskeleton
• The cell skeleton
• Cell strength and support is provided by the
  cytoskeleton, an internal framework of protein
  microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
  filaments
• They combine to assist in
• Maintaining cell shape
• Providing a framework for things inside the cell
• Movement of materials within the cell

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• Cytoskeleton
• The cell skeleton
• Cell strength and support is provided by the
  cytoskeleton, an internal framework of protein
  microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
  filaments
• They combine to assist in
• Maintaining cell shape
• Providing a framework for things inside the cell
• Movement of materials within the cell
• Movement of the cell itself

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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell
ATP
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell Site of
cellular respiration this is where sugar gets
converted to ATP
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell Site of
cellular respiration this is where sugar gets
converted to ATP Found in plant and animal
cells
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell Site of
cellular respiration this is where sugar gets
converted to ATP Found in plant and animal
cells Consist of an outer and inner membrane
The inner membrane is highly folded
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell Site of
cellular respiration this is where sugar gets
converted to ATP Found in plant and animal
cells Consist of an outer and inner membrane
The inner membrane is highly folded The
protrusions formed by the folding of the inner
membrane are called cristae - chemical reactions
occur here
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Mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell Site of
cellular respiration this is where sugar gets
converted to ATP Found in plant and animal
cells Consist of an outer and inner membrane
The inner membrane is highly folded The
protrusions formed by the folding of the inner
membrane are called cristae - chemical reactions
occur here The centre of the organ is the fluid
filled matrix
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Mitochondria
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth
ER) Transport channels within cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth
ER) Transport channels within cell The smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a system of
membrane lined channels used to transport
substances within the cell
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth
ER) Transport channels within cell The smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a system of
membrane lined channels used to transport
substances within the cell Network of channels
from nucleus to cell membrane
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth
ER) Transport channels within cell The smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a system of
membrane lined channels used to transport
substances within the cell Network of channels
from nucleus to cell membrane Site of lipid
synthesis
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth
ER) Transport channels within cell The smooth
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) is a system of
membrane lined channels used to transport
substances within the cell Network of channels
from nucleus to cell membrane Site of lipid
synthesis Abundant in cells that produce steroid
hormones (lipids)
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) are a series of
smooth ER channels with ribosomes attached
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) are a series of
smooth ER channels with ribosomes attached The
bumpy ribosomes give the organelle its name
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) are a series of
smooth ER channels with ribosomes attached The
bumpy ribosomes give the organelle its name The
ribosomal component synthesises proteins. These
are folded and transported by the ER component
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) are a series of
smooth ER channels with ribosomes attached The
bumpy ribosomes give the organelle its name The
ribosomal component synthesises proteins. These
are folded and transported by the ER
component Glycoproteins are synthesised in the
ER
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum The Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) are a series of
smooth ER channels with ribosomes attached The
bumpy ribosomes give the organelle its name The
ribosomal component synthesises proteins. These
are folded and transported by the ER
component Glycoproteins are synthesised in the
ER Sections of the ER membrane pinch off taking
products in vesicles to the cell membrane or to
other organelles, such as the Golgi
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Golgi complex aka Golgi Body aka Golgi
Apparatus
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Golgi complex Membrane sacs that are flatten and
stacked
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Golgi complex Membrane sacs that are flatten and
stacked Proteins and glycoproteins are packaged
into vesicles here for secretion from the cell
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Golgi complex Membrane sacs that are flatten and
stacked Proteins and glycoproteins are packaged
into vesicles here for secretion from the cell
or for transport to other organelles
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Golgi complex Membrane sacs that are flatten and
stacked Proteins and glycoproteins are packaged
into vesicles here for secretion from the cell
or for transport to other organelles Modifies
some proteins and glycoproteins
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Golgi complex Membrane sacs that are flatten and
stacked Proteins and glycoproteins are packaged
into vesicles here for secretion from the cell
or for transport to other organelles Modifies
some proteins and glycoproteins In plant cells,
synthesises cellulose
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Golgi complex Membrane sacs that are flatten and
stacked Proteins and glycoproteins are packaged
into vesicles here for secretion from the cell
or for transport to other organelles Modifies
some proteins and glycoproteins In plant cells,
synthesises cellulose Abundant in cells that
export products
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Lysosome These are membrane sacs or spheres
containing many different digestive enzymes
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Lysosome These are membrane sacs or spheres
containing many different digestive enzymes
These enzymes digest substances that enter the
cell as well as some of the cells waste
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Lysosome These are membrane sacs or spheres
containing many different digestive enzymes
These enzymes digest substances that enter the
cell as well as some of the cells waste Found
throughout cytoplasm of animal cells
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Lysosome These are membrane sacs or spheres
containing many different digestive enzymes
These enzymes digest substances that enter the
cell as well as some of the cells waste Found
throughout cytoplasm of animal cells Important
in Programmed Cell Death