Cell Organelles

1
Cell Organelles
2
Nucleus

• Nucleussurrounded by a nuclear envelope
  (membrane)
•  Composed of DNA and Proteins, this complex of
  DNA and protein is called chromatin.

3
(No Transcript)
4

• Function Ultimate Control Center for Cell
  Activities
• Essentially the nucleus produces RNA and
  ribosomes, which will be used to produce
  proteins.

5

• Gene segment of DNA that contains information
  for making a protein molecule.
• Remember the mantra
• DNA to RNA to Protein
• Proteins are the workers/get it done molecules
  of the cell!

6

• Second Major Function of the Nucleus
  Replication of Genetic Material
• A complete copy of DNA, so that when the cell
  divides, the next cell has a full set of
  instructions. (full set of genes)

7
Nucleolus

• Nucleolus Dense, dark structure found inside
  the nucleus. Function of the nucleolus is to
  produce ribosomes.

8
(No Transcript)
9
Ribosomes

• Ribosomes Although produced in the nucleus,
  ribosomes leave the nucleus and move into the
  cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes are found free-floating in the
  cytoplasm. OR
• They are found attached the rough ER (endoplasmic
  reticulum)
•  Production of Proteins!!!

10
Rough EndoplasmicReticulumRough ER

• Rough ER Has ribosomes attached to it. The
  wavy membrane of the ER often can take up as much
  as ½ the space in a eukaryotic cell. Proteins
  formed by ribosomes on the Rough ER enter into
  the ER and move to other membranes in the cell.

11
Rough ER Function

• Transport and modification of proteins in the
  cell. In addition may be involved in transport
  of other substances.

12
Golgi Appartus (Bodies)

• Golgi Complex (Golgi Apparatus) After proteins
  are synthesized in the Rough ER, they are sent to
  the Golgi complex, which will further modifed and
  packaged the proteins for shipment.
• GA Package and Distribution of proteins in
  vesicles.

13
An Example of Golgi Apparatus

• The Golgi will release these proteins in
  vesicles sort of like a sac, which will protect
  the protein(s). An example are lysosomes, which
  are produced by Rough ER /Golgi activity. These
  sacs (lysosomes), are often considered a type of
  cell organelle, and they contain enzymes, which
  digest and breakdown biological molecules.

14
(No Transcript)
15
Smooth ER

• Smooth ER Hey! It does not have ribosomes, thus
  the name smooth. Its function is to produce
  lipids (often steroids) for cell membranes, and
  also break down lipids.
• Very important in carbohydrate metabolism and
  detoxification of chemicals (Liver cells have
  lots of Smooth ER Structure Function).
• Transport materials too!!

16
(No Transcript)
17
Energy Organelles

• All living things have a metabolism.
• Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  function.
• So here are the structures that provide cells the
  energy, important in metabolism!?

18
Mitochondria

• Mitochondria The cell organelle responsible for
  producing energy in the cell in the form of ATP.
  
• Glucose with oxygen is broken down through a
  series of chemical reactions, which is used to
  produce ATP.
• This process of converting glucose into usable
  cellular energy is called cell respiration. The
  majority of this occurs in the mitochondria.

19
(No Transcript)
20
Chloroplasts

• Conduct Photosynthesis.
• Use light energy and carbon dioxide and water to
  produce glucose energy aka food.
• Found in Plants and Algae.

21
(No Transcript)
22
Structural Organelles
23
Cell Walls

• Strong rigid structure that helps give support
  and protection to cells.
• Made of cellulose in plants and some algae.
• Made of chitin in fungi
• Made of other chemicals in bacteria.

24
(No Transcript)
25
Cytoskeleton and Microtubules

• An internal system of fibers and tubes that
  provide structure, support and help in movement
  of the cell.

26
(No Transcript)