Organelles:

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Organelles

• AP Biology Chapter 6

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• Try to print these out as the handout option and
  turn them into flash cards. I hope that you will
  be able to visually recognize the structures and
  learn about their functions.
• Enjoy!

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The Cell

• Basic Unit of Life
• Bounded by a Plasma Membrane and encloses the
  nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Organelles are specialized bodies in the fluid
  matrix of the cytoplasm.
• These notes are to help you understand these
  parts and their role in living systems.

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Nucleus Genetic Library of the Cell

• Contains most of the genes in a Eukaryotic Cell
• Enclosed in a Nuclear Envelope
• Contains Chromosomes and Chromatin.
• Houses the Nucleolus
• Directs protein synthesis through messenger RNA
  (mRNA)

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Nuclear Envelope and Pores
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Chromatin vs Chromosomes
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Nucleolus

• Contains ribosomal RNA. (rRNA)
• Manufactors small and large ribosome subunits.

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Ribosomes

• Carry out Protein synthesis.
• Free Rib. in Cytosol.
• Bound attached to ER
• Can switch back and forth to satisfy the protein
  needs of the cells.

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Endomembrane System

• Collection of membranous parts of the cell.
• Protein synthesis, transport, metabolism of
  lipids, detoxification.
• Vesicles sacs made of the membrne.

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Endomembrane

• 1. Nuclear Envelope
• 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
• 3. Golgi Apparatus
• 4. Lysosomes
• 5. Vacuoles
• 6. Plasma Membrane

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Network of membranes encompassing the nucleus.
• Ridges called cisternae (liquid reservoir) and
  gaps called lumen (cavity).
• Continuation of the nuclear envelope.
• Broken into two sections, Smooth and Rough.

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Smooth ER

• Synthesis of Lipids
• Oils, steriods, Phospholipids
• Detoxification
• Liver Cells
• Storage of Calcium
• Muscles

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Rough ER

• Ribosomes attached (Hence rough)
• Protein synthesis
• Helps protein conformation
• Makes glycoproteins
• Produces the plasma membrane.

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Insulin
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Golgi Apparatus

• Accepts vesicles from ER
• Manufacture, modify, warehouse, sorting,
  shipping.
• Specialized for secretion
• Cis-face accepts and trans-face secretes.
• Adds molecular ID tags (zip code).

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Lysosomes

• Vesicle of hydrolytic enzymes (animal)
• Produced by the ER and packaged by the Golgi
• Intracellular digestion
• Recycle Cellular Material

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Tay-Sachs (missing lipid enzyme)
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Vacuoles Diverse Compartments

• Commonly found in plants and fungi
• Hydrolysis (similar to lysosome)
• Reservoir of Organic/Inorganic Material
• Major role in the growth of plants.

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Mitochondria Maker of ATP

• Site of Cellular Respiration.
• Found in most Eukaryotes
• Double Membrane
• Cristae (Surface area)
• Matrix
• Contain own DNA, enzymes, and ribosomes.
• Maker of ATP (Chp. 9)

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Chloroplasts Catchers of Light

• Site of Photosynthesis
• Found only in plants
• Contain chlorophyll, enzymes, ribosomes, and DNA.
• Chapter 10.
• Double membrane
• Contain thylakoids, granum, and covered by
  stroma.

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Peroxisomes Oxidators

• Help with metabolism.
• Transfers hydrogens to oxygen to make oxygen
  compounds.
• H2O2 ? H2O
• Commonly found in liver cells.
• Prepare fats for mitochondria.

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Cytoskeleton Support, mobility, Regulation
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Cytoskeleton Unique but similar

• 1. Microtubules
• 2. Microfilaments
• 3. Intermediate Filaments

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Microtubules

• Hollow tubes of protein (tubulin)
• Frame of cilia and flagella.
• Compression resistent.
• Link organelles and act as a sidewalk.

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Microfilament

• Made of the protein actin (muscles)
• Contract to move cell fluid ? movement
• Contraction can lead to movement of cytoplasm in
  plants (cytoplasmic streaming)

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Intermediate Filaments

• Proteins used for support and structure.
• Stabilize organelles and form the nuclear lamina
  (inside cover of the envelope.

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Importance of Cytoskeleton
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Review
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Extracellular Outside but important

• Cell Wall
• Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
• Intercellular Junctions

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Cell Wall

• Additional extracellular support in plants.
• Start with Primary Wall ? leading to Secondary.
• Walls come together to stabilize plants.

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ECM
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Intercellular Junctions

• Plasmodesmata
• Allows materials to pass from one plant cell to
  another.

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Intercellular Junctions