Islam

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Islam
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(No Transcript)
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Climatic changes

• 530s Climatic change volcano? Krakatoa?
• Invasion of Avars
• Teotihuacán in Mexico
• evidence for dissruptions in Japan, China, and
  Europe

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Pre-Islamic Arabia

• Tribal society
• Tribal gods represented by a stone
• Sheikh ( or, Sayyid) first among equals
• Council of male elders
• Communities at oases where local kings asserted
  control over surrounding area
• Nabatean and Sabatean Arabs

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Arabia Felix/ Happy Arabia

• King at Sana, Sabatean Arabs, converted to
  Judaism
• Massacred Christians
• Abyssinian invasion
• Persians expel Abyssinians
• Settled conditions in southern Arabia
• Trade route through Mekkah reestablished about
  time Mohammed was born

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Mekkah, 2nd ½ 6th c.

• Business revival because of restoration of trade
  route
• al-Kakaah center of town for worship/ square
  building around black stone.

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Al Kabaah
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Al Kabaah
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Biography of Mohammed

• Ibn Ishaq wrote biography in A.H. 150 / 767 CE
• Bio lost but preserved in biography by ibn Hisham
  (A.H. 218/ 833 CE)

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Early Life

• Mohammed born in Mekkah ca. 571 CE in Quraysh
  tribe
• Father dead at his birth
• Mother sickly and died when M. about six
• Raised by grandfather and, at his death, by a
  paternal uncle

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Persian Picture of Mohammed
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Middle Life

• Worked for a living
• About age 25 M. married Khadijah
• Had only one child, daughter, Fatima
• Fatima married Ali, an orphan
• Visions began in cave
• Gave descriptions in street of visions
• Some times the voice is that of Gabriel, others
  God (Allah)

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Bio (cont)

• Quaran (Koran) was memorized by those who heard
  his revelations
• 616 M. converted Umar ibn al-Khattab
• 16 July 622 Hegira (flight or immigration)
  or Year One of Muslim calendar
• Went to Medina to save city from civil war
  between warring factions.
• Jewish community supported him until he claimed
  to be the last prophet

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Picture now in Paris BN
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(cont)

• M. turned back towards Jerusalem and faced Mekkah
  for prayers
• 624 led raid on Mekkan caravan and killed many
• 630 return to Mekka

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Last prophet

• Between 630 and 632 directed
• military (expansion)
• judiciary
• administration
• religion

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Succession/ Caliphs

• At Ms death Abû Bakr led public prayers while
  Ali mourned in his apartment his body of adopted
  father
• Upon Abû Bakrs death (634), the companions chose
  Umar
• Murder of Uthmân of the Umayyad clan and the
  Prophet's father-in-law
• Ali blamed he flees to Basra, Iraq

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Battle of the Camel, Dec. 4, 656 CE/35 AH

• Âisha and her followers blamed Ali for
• allowing the murder of Uthmân, the
• Prophet's father-in-law and Muhammads true
  successor. --Sunni
• Âisha, the daughter of Abû Bakr, one of
  Muhammads greatest generals, had a force of
  around 30,000 to Alis 20,000
• Âisha s camel killed, Alis forces survived

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map
Spread to 750
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Spread of Islam

• Byzantine mismanagement
• 634 Al Walid takes Damascus
• Surrender
• 1)Security of lives, property and churches
• 2)City wall to remain
• 3)No Muslims quartered in private homes
• 4)Peace of Allah

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cont

• Âisha (father Abû Bakr) led forces vs. Ali
  (Sunis and Shias)
• Battle of Camel, Dec. 4, 656

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Surrenders to Islam

• 637 Acre, Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut taken
• 638 Jerusalem and Antioch
• 637 invasion of Persia
• 637 Ctesiphon taken
• 639 Egypt (except for Alexandria)
• 654 Cyprus, Crete, and Rhodes
• 709 Bokhara

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cont

• 673 Assault on Constantinople (saved by Greek
  fire)
• 711 Iberia/ Spain
• 712 Samarkand (paper)
• 717 Great siege of Constantinople
• 732 Charles Martel defeats Muslims at
  Tours/Poitier

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Spread to 750
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846 Raid on Rome
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Islamic Beliefs

• There is only one God
• There are angels
• Revealed Books
• Prophets of which Mohammed is the last
• Day of Judgment

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Five Pillars

• Reciting the profession of faith
• Prayers five times daily toward Mekkah
• Paying the zakat tax
• Fasting during Ramadan
• Pilgrimage to Mekkah at least once in a life time
  if it can be afforded