Alcohol and Tobacco

1
Alcohol and Tobacco

• Chapter 8

2
Chemistry of Alcohol

• Psychoactive ingredient
• Ethyl Alcohol
• Beer 3-6 alcohol by volume
• Malt Liquors 6-8 alcohol by volume
• Table wines 9-14 alcohol by volume
• Fortified wines 20 alcohol by volume
• Hard liquors 35-50 alcohol by volume
• Proof Value
• Ingestion

3
(No Transcript)
4
Absorption

• 20 is rapidly absorbed
• 75 is absorbed in the upper small intestines
• Remain is absorbed along the GI track
• Carbonation increases the absorption
• Food in the stomach decreases the absorption
• Eventually all the alcohol ingested will be
  absorbed

5
Metabolism and Excretion

• Transported throughout the body via the
  bloodstream.
• Main site for metabolism is the Liver.
• 2-20 of ingested alcohol is not metabolized.

6
Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol Concentration

• Body weight and body fat
• Size of the individual
• Percentage of body fat
• Difference between women men
• Balance of alcohol absorbed and rate of
  metabolism

7
Effects of Alcohol on Health

• Dependant on the individual.
• Low Concentrations .03 -.05.
• Higher Concentrations 0.1, 0.2,.
• Concentration of .35.
• Poisoning
• Hangover
• Use in combination with drugs.

8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Drinking and Driving

• 800,000 people are injured a year
• 40,000 people are killed in alcohol related
  accidents

11
(No Transcript)
12
The Effects of Chronic Use

• Diseases of the digestive and cardiovascular
  systems
• Liver function
• liver cell damage and destruction (cirrhosis)
• Cirrhosis causes drinker to lose Tolerance
• Pancreas inflammation
• Cardiovascular system
• moderate doses may reduce the risk of HD
• Higher doses elevates BP, may weaken heart muscle
  or cardiac myopathy.
• Cancer
• Mortality

13
The Effects on Pregnancy

• Effects are dose-related.
• FAS Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
• Under weight, flat nasal bridge, and long upper
  lip.
• Small and have heart defects.
• Physical and mental growth is slow.Remain
  mentally impaired. Fine motor skill problems,
  coordination, learning and behavioral problems
  (ADS).
• ARND Alcohol-related neurodevelopment disorder.
• Heavier drinking early in pregnancy.

14
Health Benefits of Alcohol

• Abstainers and light to moderate drinkers live
  longer than heavy users.
• Moderate drinking one drink per day for women
  and two drinks per day for men.
• May lower coronary heart disease.
• Raising blood levels of HDL.
• May lower risks of diabetes, arterial
  blockages, Alzheimers

15
(No Transcript)
16
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

• Alcohol abuse is recurrent use that has negative
  consequences.
• Drinking in dangerous situations.
• Patterns that lead to problems at home, work,
  school, interpersonal, or legal.

17
Alcohol Abuse and Dependence

• Binge Drinking
• Alcohol Dependence (alcoholism)
• Involves physical tolerance and withdrawal
• Signs of Impending Problems with Alcohol

18
(No Transcript)
19
Alcoholism

• Tolerance
• Different Patterns
• Health Effects
• DTs (delirium tremens)
• paranoia
• Social and Psychological effects
• Causes of Alcoholism

20
(No Transcript)
21
Treatment Programs

• Not one program works for everyone.
• AA.
• 12-step program
• Al-Anon.
• Employee Assistance.
• Pharmacological treatments.
• Disulfiram
• Naltrexone

22
Gender and Ethnic Differences

• Men
• White American men
• Women
• African Americans
• Latinos
• Asian Americans
• American Indians and Alaska Natives

23
Drinking Behavior and Responsibility

• Examine your attitudes about alcohol use.
• Examine your drinking behavior.
• Drink Moderately and responsibly
• Drink slowly
• Space your drinks
• Eat before and while drinking
• Know your limits and your drinks

24
Promote Responsible Drinking In Others

• Encourage responsible attitudes
• Be a responsible host
• Hold the drinker responsible
• Learn about prevention programs
• Take community action

25
Use of Tobacco

• Why People use Tobacco
• Nicotine
• Powerful psychoactive drug
• Reaches Brain via bloodstream in seconds
• Most physically addictive of the psychoactive
  drugs.

26
(No Transcript)
27
Loss of Control

• Three out of four smokers want to quit
• 60-80 kick the habit at a stop-smoking clinic.
• However, 75 start smoking within a year.
• Relapse rate similar to alcoholics and heroin
  addicts.

28
Tolerance and Withdrawal

• Using tobacco develops tolerance
• addiction may occur within a couple of days.
• Abstinence from nicotine
• predictable withdrawal symptoms
• Occurs within hours of last dose of nicotine
• Most symptoms pass in 2-3 days.

29
Social and Psychological Factors

• Established habits or cues to trigger smoking
• Secondary reinforcers.

30
Why Start in the First Place?

• Decreases in usage in the 1980s but a steady
  increase in the 1990s.
• Largest increase was 13- and 14-years old.
• College aged increased from 22 in 1993 to 29 in
  1999.
• Children and teenagers make-up 90 of all new
  smokers in this country.

31
Listening to Advertising

• Tobacco spends nearly 6 billion per year.
• 86 of teens prefer the top three most advertised
  brands.
• Joe Camel is more familiar than Mickey Mouse.

32
Who Uses Tobacco?

• Characteristics which could increase the
  potential for use.
• A parent or sibling uses tobacco
• Peers use tobacco
• Child comes from blue-collar family
• Child comes from low-income home
• Single parent.
• Performs poorly in school
• Child drops out of school
• Has positive attitudes towards tobacco

33
(No Transcript)
34
Immediate Effects

• Acts on the brain like cocaine and heroin
• Mild nicotine poisoning
• Stimulates the cerebral cortex
• Releases epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
• Physiological effects on the body

35
(No Transcript)
36
Health Hazards

• Unfiltered cigarettes 5 billion particles per
  cubic MM
• 50,000 times more than polluted urban air
• Carcinogen
• Damages the lining of the respiratory tract
• Poisonous substances arsenic and nicotine
• Carbon monoxide - 400 times stronger

37
(No Transcript)
38
(No Transcript)
39
The Long-Term Effects

• Cardiovascular Disease
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
• atherosclerosis
• angina pectoris
• myocardial infarction
• Lung Cancer and other cancers
• Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
• emphysema
• Other Respiratory Damage

40
Additional Health, Cosmetic, and Economic Concerns

• Ulcers
• Impotence
• Reproductive health problems
• Dental diseases
• Diminished physical senses
• Injuries
• Cosmetic concerns
• Economic costs

41
Cumulative Effects

• Malesbefore 15 yrs. old are half as likely to
  live to 75 versus those who did not smoke
• Female smokers spend 17 more sick days in bed
  than nonsmokers
• Smokers spend one-third more time away from work
  due to illness

42
Other Forms of Tobacco

• Spit (Smokeless) Tobacco
• Cigar and Pipes
• Clover cigarettes and Bidis

43
(No Transcript)
44
The Effects of Smoking on the Nonsmoker

• Environmental Tobacco smoke (ETS)
• EPA - 1993 - a classed as a Carcinogen
• 2000 - known human carcinogen
• Mainstream smoke and Sidestream smoke
• Twice the tar and nicotine
• Three times the benzo(a)pyrene
• Three times the ammonia
• 85 of smoke in a room is second hand

45
ETS Effects

• Develop cough, headaches, nasal discomfort, and
  eye irritation
• Allergies will be exacerbated
• Causes 3,000 deaths due to lung cancer
• Contributes to about 60,000 deaths from heart
  disease
• Contributes to increased Asthma attacks

46
Infants, Children, and ETS

• More likely to develop
• Bronchitis, pneumonia, respiratory infections
• More complications from asthma
• Increased can of SIDS
• Children inhale three times more pollutants per
  unit of body weight than adults.

47
Smoking and Pregnancy

• Estimated 4600 infant deaths in the U.S.
• Miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight,
  long term impairments in growth and intellectual
  development
• Possible higher risks of getting cancer

48
Cost of Tobacco Use to Society

• Health care costs exceed 70 billion per year.
• Lost productivity from sickness, disability, and
  premature death makes it closer to 125 Billion
  per year.

49
What Can Be Done?

• Local laws
• State and Federal laws
• FDA
• Marketing efforts and restrictions
• International Action
• Private sector
• Individual Action

50
Quitting

• Since 1964 - 50 of all adults who have smoked
  have quit.
• Benefits
• Options for Quitting

51
(No Transcript)