Nessun titolo diapositiva

1
The Grid International Efforts in Global
Computing

International Conference on Advances in
Infrastructure for E-Business, Science, and
Education on the Internet SSGRR 2000, L'Aquila
(Italy) July 31 - August 06, 2000
Domenico Laforenza CNUCE-Institute of the Italian
National Research Council CNR Research Area, via
V. Alfieri,1 - 56010 Ghezzano, Pisa,
Italy and Department of Computer Science,
University of Pisa Phone [phone] - Fax
39-050-313.8091 domenico.laforenza_at_cnuce.cnr.it
http//brunello.cnuce.cnr.it/domenico/domenico.ht
ml
2
Co-authors

• Mark Baker, University of Portsmouth, UK
• mark.baker_at_port.ac.uk
• and
• Rajkumar Buyya
• Monash University, Australia
• rajkumar_at_csse.monash.edu.au /

3
Presentation will be available at

• http//brunello.cnuce.cnr.it/domenico/talks/SSGRR2
  000/index.htm

4
Outline

• Computing Networking Some trends
• From Metacomputing to Grid Computing
• Building Blocks for Grids
• Grid Computing Approaches and Projects
• Future trends Conclusions

5
Some Trends

• Computer Hardware
• continuous improving of the commodity processor
  performance (Pentium, Alpha, G4, .)

• architected by Apple, Motorola and IBM
• theoretical peak performance of 3.6 gigaflops
• sustained performance of over one gigaflops

• all computers will be parallel

• Velocity Engine vector processing unit
• 162 integrated Single Instruction Multiple Data
  (SIMD)

6
Some Trends

• Networks
• continuous improving of the network bandwidth and
  latency
• WAN ATM networks rapidly transitioned from
  research Gigabit networks to commercial deployment

• OC3 (155 Mbit/s)
• OC12 (622 Mbit/s)
• OC48 (2.5 Gbit/s)
• OC192 (10 Gbit/s)
• OC768 (49 Gbit/s)
• OC3072 (159 Gbit/s)

Production
Experimental
7
Some Trends
Advances in computing are inseparable from
advances in networking
8
Computing Platforms Evolution
Breaking Administrative Barriers
9
Metacomputing

• Different resources (computing, instruments, .)

• geographically distributed

used as a single powerful parallel machine.
10
Metacomputing

• The word metacomputing has been coined to
  describe this new computational approach.
• Reference
• Larry Smarr Charles E. Catlett
• Metacomputing
• Communications of the ACM, 35(6)45-52, June 1992

11
Are they Synonyms ?

• Metacomputing
• Heterogeneous Computing
• High Performance Distributed Computing
• Networked Virtual Supercomputing
• Seamless Computing
• Computational Grid
• .

12
Leading to Portal Towards Computational Grids

• http//www.sun.com/hpc/

13
Creating a Computational Grid
In the same way that the electric power grid
provides universal access to electrical power, a
computational grid could provide

• more widespread access to computational power

• allowing users to request additional computer
  resources on demand

• construct a supercomputer from many smaller
  computers connected to the Internet

• take advantage of computers that are idle

• interact with simulations and very large
  databases in real-time

14
Sources of Complexity in Grid Resource Management

• No single adminstrative control

• No single policy
• each resource owners have their own policies or
  scheduling mechanisms
• Users must honor them (particularly external
  users of the grid)

• Heterogenity of resources (static and dynamic)

• Unreliable - resource may come or disappear (die)

• No uniform cost model (it cannot be)
• varies from one user to another and time to time

• No Single access mechanism

15
Grid Resource Management Challenging Issues

• Authentication (once)
• Specify simulation (code, resources, etc.)
• Discover resources
• Negotiate authorization, acceptable use, cost,
  etc.
• Acquire resources
• Schedule Jobs
• Initiate computation
• Steer computation
• Access remote datasets
• Collaborate on results
• Account for usage

Domain 1
Domain 2
Ack. globus..
16
Classes of Applications

• Sequential - Dusty Deck Codes

• Data Parallel
• Synchronous - Tightly Coupled
• Data Elements are essentially identical
• Loosely Synchronous
• Data Elements are not identical
• adapt for MIMD

• Asynchronous - Functional Parallelism
• Irregular in time and space
• Hard to parallelize to exploit the massive
  parallism

• Embarrassingly Parallel
• NOW, SIMD, MIMD

17
MetaproblemsMultidisciplinary Applications

• Class of problems which is outside the
  scope/capabilities of a single computer
  architecture
• Best run on a Metacomputer (Grid)
• Consists of an asynchronous collection of loosely
  synchronous components
• Each component can be parallel

18
Multidisciplinary Applications

• Example the design and manufacture of a modern
  aircraft, which presents problems in

• geometry grid generation

• fluid flow

• acoustics

• structural analysis

• operational research

• visualization

• database management

Research problems are becoming more complex and
interdisciplinary in nature
19
Multidisciplinary Applications
20
Grid Applications

• Distributed Supercomputing
• Stellar Dynamics, Ab initio chemistry, ...
• High Throughput
• Chip design, Parametric studies,
• On Demand
• Medical instrumentation, network-enabled solvers,
  
• Data Intensive
• Sky survey, Physics data, Data Mining,
• Collaborative
• Collaborative design, data exploration,
  education, ...

21
Building Blocks for Grids
22
A Grid a layered view
23
Gigabit Testbed Projects The Bitways
24
OC3 (155 Mbit/s)
OC192 (10 Gbit/s)
25
Abilene NetworkFebruary 1999
Seattle
NGIX North
Startap
New York
Chicago
Sacramento
Cleveland
NGIX West
Denver
NGIX East
Indianapolis
D.C.
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Atlanta
Peering Point
Houston
26
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27
From TEN-34 to TEN-155The European Research
Networking
TEN-155 replaced the successful TEN-34 network
when it became operational on 11 December 1998.
28
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Testbeds speed differences

• USA 10 Gbps

• Europe 155 Mbps

Vs.
30
From TEN-155 to 2.5 Gbits/sThe Next Generation
of European Research Networking
Geant
31
Some Grid Computing Projects
32
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Metacomputing Projects
37
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Resource Management Architecture
Resource Brokers
(RSL Specialization)
RSL
Application
39
LEGIONWorldwide Virtual Computer
Andrew Grimshaw

• Legion Research Project will provide
• an architecture for designing and building
  distributed system services that give the
  illusion of a single virtual machine
• heterogeneity and inter-operability
• a universal object and name spaces
• application-adjustable fault tolerance
• security
• efficient scheduling
• comprehensive resource management
• wide-area parallel processing

40
Application-Level Scheduling

• Application-level scheduling agents (AppLeS)
• Provide a mechanism for scheduling individual
  applications at machine speeds on production
  heterogeneous systems.
• Utilize a Network Weather Service to monitor the
  varying performance of resources potentially
  usable by their applications.
• Each AppLeS uses static and dynamic application
  and system information to select viable resource
  configurations and evaluate their potential
  performance.
• AppLeS then interacts with the relevant resource
  management system to implement application tasks.

41
A Global Wide Area Applications Testbed

• An Initiative that aims to combine the computing
  resources of
• Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC)
• Sandia National Laboratories (SNL)
• High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart
  (HLRS)
• Machines connected by a transatlantic ATM link
• Pilot code URANUS
• developed at the University of Stuttgart
• simulation of the re-entry phase of a space
  transportation system.

42
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43
Transatlantic network connection
44
Collaborative VR / Metacomputing HLRS - PSC - SNL
45
Applications
URANUS Numerical Simulation of the reentry
phase of a space vehicle Developed by
IRS Parallelized by HLRS Adapted for
Metacomputing by HLRS Supercomputing97 1.7
million cells on 760 nodes
46
Applications
P3T-DSMC Direct Simulation Monte Carlo
Code Parallelized by ICA Adapted for
Metacomputing by ICA/HLRS Supercomputing97 world
record simulating 1.8 billion particles on 1024
nodes
47
Tele Immersion Collision of Black
Holeshttp//www.zib.de/Visual/projects/TIKSL/

• Cactus is a numeric simulation system, able to
  run on several distributed parallel
  supercomputers.
• The Cactus code is a computational tool aimed at
  solving problems in Numerical Relativity, such as
  colliding black holes and neutron stars, and
  other
• Developed and maintained at the
  Albert-Einstein-Institute Potsdam.

48
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49
Colliding Neutron Stars Across the Atlantic Ocean
Jason Novotny novotny_at_nlanr.net http//dast.nlanr.
net
ns.mpg
50
Collaborators

• A distributed astrophysical simulation involving
  the following institutions
• Albert Einstein Institute (Potsdam, Germany)
• Washington University St. Louis, MO.
• Argonne National Laboratory (Chicago, IL)
• NLANR Distributed Applications Team (Champaign,
  IL)
• The following supercomputer centers
• San Diego Supercomputer Center (268 proc. T3E)
• Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum in Berlin (232 proc. T3E)
• Max-Planck-Institute in Garching (768 proc. T3E)

51
The Grand Plan

• Distribute simulation across 128 PEs of SDSC T3E
  and 128 PEs of Konrad-Zuse-Zentrum T3E in
  Berlin.
• Visualize isosurface data in real-time on
  Immersadesk in Orlando

San Diego
Berlin
52
Metacomputing in IndustryApplication-Centered
Metacomputing - Funded by European Union

• MICA (Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing,
  Germany et al.)
• Virtual CFD server that runs on several HPC
  Systems Throughout Europe
• PHASE (Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing,
  Germany et al.)
• Allows pharmaceutical companies to access HPC
  Systems for rational drug design projects
• EUROPPA (GENIAS BeNeLux i.c. et al.)
• Production of multimedia products (movies,
  advertising, etc.) in cooperative way
• PROMENVIR (Parallel Applications Centre, Univ.
  Southampton et al.)
• To provide a meta-application software package
  for probabilistic analysis through simulation of
  mechanical systems
• TOOLSHED (Parallel Applications Centre, Univ.
  Southampton et al.)
• To create a STEP-based parallel simulation
  environment for commercial mesh-based analysis
  codes

53
Metacomputing in IndustryApplication-Centered
Metacomputing - Funded by European Union

• METODIS (MEtacomputing TOols for DIstributed
  Systems)
• (University of Stuttgart RUS, CRIHAN,
  AEROSPATIALE, DASA and, PALLAS)
• is a project which aim is to develop tools to
  Metacomputing at European level. The tools should
  make the use of distributed resources for
  intensive numerical simulation between remote
  sites easier.

54
Seamless Computing
The main issue is not "metacomputing" per se, but
will include the requirement of metacomputing
environments for more uniform access interfaces.
55
Seamless Computing

• Network security is not yet adequate for the
  general access to valuable resources over a WAN.
• The interface to HPC engines and information
  repositories tends to be difficult and
  architecture-specific.
• The administration of users, jobs, and resources
  is complicated by non-uniform mechanisms at
  autonomous sites.

56
UNiform Interface to COmputer REsources

• Partners
• ZAM - Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH
• DWD - Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach
• RUS - Rechenzentrum der Universität Stuttgart
• Genias Software GmbH, Regensburg
• Pallas GmbH, Brühl

57
Metacompunting andPSE Problem Solving
Environments
58
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59
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60
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61
Harness is a collaborative effort between ORNL,
University of Tennessee, and Emory University.
62
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63
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64
Internet Growth
65
Internet Growth
66
Web-based Metacomputing

• The World Wide Web has the potential to be a
  physical realization of The Grid

67
Commodity Technologies

• COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) Software
• Open interfaces that enable large application
  components to be quickly integrated in new
  applications
• HTML, XML, VMRL, HTTP, ..
• MIME, IIOP, CGI,
• Java, JavaScript, JavaBeans, ActiveX, .
• CORBA, COM, JINI,.

68
Three-Tier Architecture
App1
Layer 2
App2
App3
App4
69
Web Computing Projects

• Some Projects
• ATLAS - Computer Science Dept., University of
  California, Berkeley
• Charlotte - Computer Science Dept., New York
  University
• JPVM - Computer Science Dept., University of
  Virginia
• JavaParty - Informatics Dept., University of
  Karlsruhe
• Javelin - Computer Science Dept., University of
  California, Santa Barbara
• ParaWeb - Computer Science Dept., York
  University, Ontario, Canada
• WebFlow - NPAC, Syracuse University

70
Is Java useful for Scientific Computing ?
71
What Is Java?

• Java is a programming language and a platform
• Simple
  
• Architecture-neutral
• Object-oriented
• Portable
• Distributed
• High-performance
• Interpreted
  
• Multithreaded
• Robust
• Dynamic
• Secure

72
ACM Java Grande 2000 Conference Crowne Plaza
Hotel Union Square San Francisco, California,
June 3-5, 2000 Sponsored by ACM



http//www.extreme.indiana.edu/java00
73
From the Gospel of the Saints Carl Ian

• Large-scale applications in the 21st Century
• will involve
• the communication with and the coordination of a
  large number of geographically dispersed
  information sources
• will require an environment the supports
• Reliable
• Fault-tolerant
• Highly distributed
• Heterogeneous
• Scalable
• computing capabilities

GRID
74
The Grid Impact!

• The global computational grid is expected to
  drive the economy of the 21st century
• similar to the electric power grid that drove the
  economy of the 20th century

75
Question

• Is it possible to set up a brokerage system for
  making idle resources of anonymous users of the
  Web accessible for Grid Computing ?

76
A brokerage system..
77
Electrical Grid

• Electric power applications have caused radical
  changes into the individual and collective life
  of men.

78
Internet
The natural carrier for Grid Applications
(????)
The everymans supercomputer (????)

• Internet connects tens of millions of computers
• A very small percentage is engaged in the Global
  Computing efforts

Lack of

• Security

• A unified framework

• Incentive to participate

79
Electric Plug Shapes ...
Standardization Effortsin the Electrical Grid
80

• Building computational grids requires

• New programming tools

• Software that can translate the requirements of
  an application into requirements for computers,
  networks, and storage

• Security mechanisms permitting resources to be
  accessed only by authorized users

• Computers and operating systems that are more
  tightly integrated with high-speed networks

• And strong Standardization-Harmonization
  EFFORTS

81
PVM
DCOM
MPI
CORBA
NEXUS
HPF
JINI
JAVA
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
EFFICIENCY
SECURITY
PORTABILITY
INTER-OPERABILITY
82

• High Performance
• Effectiveness
• Custom approach (?)

• High Performance (??)
• Programmability
• General-purpose (??)

Grid Projects

• Pervasiveness
• Inter-operability
• Portability
• Low Performance
• Security (?????)

Interoperate !!!!

• Domain-oriented
• Effectiveness
• User friendliness

83
Harmonization Efforts

• GRID Forum
• www.grid-forum.org

• E-Grid Forum
• www.egrid.org

• CCA-Forum
• Common Component Architecture Forum
  www.acl.lanl.gov/cca-forum

• ...

84
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85
Building ofa brokerage system..
Who pays for that ???
Foundation for the Grid Economy
86
Who pays for this ??
87
Who pays for this ??
88
What about the Old Europe ????
89
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDirectorate-General
Information Society Information Society
Technologies Technological Developments of a
Generic Nature and Horizontal Actions Research
Networking

• Workshop on Grid Technologies
• Brussels, 22 - 23 June 2000
• Avenue de Beaulieu 29
• Draft - Terms of Reference
• Agenda
• List of Participants
• Position Papers

90
So, just to conclude with a comparison with the
Electrical Grid..

• Where we are ????

91
Alessandro Volta in Paris in 1801 inside France
National Institute shows the battery at the
presence of Napoleon I

• Fresco by N. Cianfanelli (1841)
• (Zoological Section "La Specula" of National
  History Museum of Florence University)

92
Oh, mon Dieu !
.and in the future, I imagine a worldwide Power
(Electrical) Grid ...
What ?!?! This is a mad man
93
2000 - 1801 199 Years
94
What will be the dominant grid approach in the
next future ??
95
The Computational Grid is analogous to
Electricity (Power) Grid and the vision is to
offer a (almost) dependable, consistent,
pervasive, and inexpensive access to high-end
resources irrespective their location of physical
existence and the location of access.
96
Trends
It is very difficult to predict the future and
this is particular true in a field such as
Information Technology
I think there is a world market for above five
computers. Thomas J. Watson Sr., IBM Founder,
1943
97
Trends
GRIDsThe time is exciting but the way is hard
and long.
EU will gain momentum or risk to lag behind..
98
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100
Do You Have Any Questions?
Grazie Merci de Votre attention Thanks
101
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge all
developers of the systems or projects described
in this paper. In the past we had intellectual
communication and exchanged views on this
upcoming technology with David Abramson (Monash),
Fran Berman (UCSD), David C. DiNucci (Elepar),
Jack Dongarra (UTK/ORNL), Ian Foster (ANL),
Geoffrey Fox (Syracuse), Wolfgang Gentzsch
(GRIDware), Jon Giddy (DSTC), Al Geist (ORNL),
and Tom Haupt (Syracuse). We thank all of them
for sharing their knowledge with us.
102
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45 NASA Information Power Grid (IPG)
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Romke T., Simon J.. Proceedings of the
"Heterogeneous Computing" Workshop, University of
Geneva, April 1, 1997, IEEE Computer Society
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/pcpc/. 51 Baker M., Buyya R. and Laforenza D.,
The Grid International Efforts in Global
Computing, International Conference on Advances
in Infrastructure for Electronic Business,
Science,and Education on the Internet
(SSGRR'2000), lAquila, Rome, Italy, July 31 -
August 6. 2000. 52 Buyya R., Seamless, Scalable
Computing from Desktops to Global Computational
Power Grids Hype or Reality ?, School of
Computer Science and Software Engineering Monash
University, Melbourne, Australia,
http//www.buyya.com/ecogrid/ .
106
The GRIDBlueprint for a New Computing
Infrastructure
107
EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDirectorate-General
Information Society Information Society
Technologies Technological Developments of a
Generic Nature and Horizontal Actions Research
Networking

• Workshop on Grid Technologies
• Brussels, 22 - 23 June 2000
• Avenue de Beaulieu 29
• Draft - Terms of Reference
• Agenda
• List of Participants
• Position Papers