Commercial HVAC Envelope

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Commercial HVAC - Envelope

• CRAC July 2, 2003

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Today

• New Stock Estimate
• Windows
• Insulation
• Premium HVAC Equipment
• Package Roof Top Optimization
• Built-up System Optimization/Commissioning
• Grocery Refrigeration
• HVAC Fans Pumps and Drives
• Plug Loads, Fume Hoods, Power Supplies

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2.35 Billion Square Feet 2001
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Latest Trend Data
Discontinuity in the Electricity Data
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Caveats These estimates will change

• Floor Area estimates need to be adjusted
• Will impact forecast floor area mostly
• Some key assumptions will be adjusted as more
  data arrives from CBSA
• End use and equipment saturations
• Space heat fuel, EUIs, LPDs, hours
• Does not include New Building Potential

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Windows
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Windows Punched Openings

• Looked at 3 window options in 4 applications on
  17 building types in 2 vintages on 3 heat types.
  DOE2
• Base Window u52 s72
• U45 Window u45 s69
• U40 Window u40 s51
• U35 Window u36 s48

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Code Baseline

• Oregon lt30 glass U54 SC57
• gt30 glass U37-SC35
• Washington Elec U40-SHCG40, exceptions
• Other U90, U75, U60, U50 gt25
• Seattle Elec U40-SHCG 40, exceptions
• Other U55, U45gt30 g SHGC40
• Common practice U50 SHGC45
• No cost-effective measure found for these cases

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Cost Estimates

• Component Costs
• Low-e to 0.1 emissivity 1.00/sf
• Low-e to 0.04 emissivity 1.50/sf
• Argon fill 0.75/sf
• Thermally Improved Metal frame 3.00/sf
• Replacement Vinyl 16/sf
• Replacement Curtain Wall 30/sf

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Cost Estimates

• Incremental Product Cost
• Code to u45 1.00/sf
• Code to u40 1.50/sf
• Code to u35 4.50/sf
• Full Product Cost
• Vinyl to u40 17.75/sf
• Vinyl to u35 18.25/sf
• 40 year measure life

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Other Key Assumptions

• Punched openings are half the stock
• Window/Wall with lt30 by building type
• 30 of Office, School, Lodging, Hosp.
• 80 of Retail, Restaurant, Warehouse, Other
• Natural replacement rate 1/50 per year
• Space heat type by building type per survey

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Windows Results

• Cooling savings are small
• Range from (-0.4 to 0.6 kWh/sf glass)
• More negatives than positives on suite of
  prototypes and applications examined
• Heating savings 0.5 to 6.0 kWh/sf
• Gas savings credit does not make windows in gas
  buildings cost effective on electric TRC

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Windows Replacement Case

• Results weighted by applicability
• Pay only incremental cost over code
• u52 base code window
• Code to u40 is cost-effective (36 mills/kWh)
• Code to u35 not cost-effective (63 mills/kWh)
• Code to u45 not cost-effective (85 mills/kWh)
• Depends on building type, location
• At a replacement rate of 1/50 each year
• Annually 0.07 MWa/year
• 1.3 MWa by 2025

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Windows New Building Case

• Code captured most savings
• Where code is u52, upgrade is cost-effective
• Code to u40 at 31 mills/kWh
• Code to u35 at 18 mills/kWh
• Assume 50/50 split u40 and u35
• 3 MWa in 2025 at 30 mills/kWh
• Annually 0.15 MWa/year

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Windows Retrofit Case

• Replacing single glaze windows considering full
  cost and full savings
• Both cooling and heating savings are large
• Typically 5 kWh/sf glass cooling
• 20 kWh/sf glass heating
• Cost-effective in electric heat buildings at full
  incremental cost of 18/sf
• Potential free-rider problem. Is it a
  conservation resource?
• Total potential is 21 MWa at 33 mills/kWh

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Insulation

• Add insulation at Re-Roofing
• Flat built-up roofs only
• R0 to R22 at 1.90/sf
• R11 to R22 at 1.00/sf
• Applies at 12-year re-roof cycle to
• Pre 1987 stock remaining in 2005
• Estimates of existing insulation by building type
  from 1996 Puget study
• DOE 2 modeling on 21 prototypes
• Three space heat types

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Re-Roof Results

• Electric Heat R0 to R22 case
• Save 2 to 6 kWh/sf heating
• Save 0.3 to 3 kWh/sf cooling
• Electric Heat R11 to R22
• Save 0.6 to 3 kWh/sf heating
• Save 0.2 to 2.5 kWh/sf cooling
• Heat Pumps About half of electric
• Gas Cooling savings plus gas credit

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Re-Roof with Insulation

• Mostly cost-effective for electric HP
• 62 of 68 cases cost effective
• Total of 29 MWa in 2025
• 1.9 MWa per year lost opportunity
• Cost-effective for cooling-only savings
• Only 2 of 68 cases

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Premium HVAC Equipment
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Premium HVAC EquipmentAssumptions

• At equipment replacement _at_ 15 years
• Based on simulation runs by PNNL done for
  national standards work
• 33 prototypes in the PNW
• Characteristics from CBECS
• CEE Tier1 to Tier 2 deltas in EER/IPLV
• EER 10.1 to 11.0 for 7.5 ton
• EER 9.5 to 11.0 for smaller and larger
• Cost on tear-down plus mark-up basis

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Premium HVAC EquipmentSavings Adjustments

• Savings derated by 10 for interaction
• Savings derated by 10 for new buildings
• Savings account for working economizer
• Considered cooling-only savings
• Weighted savings lt5, 7.5 and 15 ton units
• 60 capacity 7.5 ton, 40 smaller and larger
• Weighted savings east versus west
• East side uses 1.8 times compressor energy

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Premium HVAC EquipmentCost Assumptions

• Costs Several source considered
• LBL, Eley, Xenergy, DEER, Ecotope
• Incremental Costs
• 50/ton for packaged equipment 5 to 15 tons
• 20/ton for chillers
• 15 year measure life

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Premium HVAC EquipmentResults

• Cooling loads run 1.4 to 10.0 kWh/sf
• Building type, location, characteristics
• Upgrade buys about 10 reduction energy
• Average savings
• 0.3 kWh/sf west side
• 0.5 kWh/sf east side

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Premium HVAC EquipmentResults

• Cost-effective, but not cheap
• Marginal for Schools, Warehouse, Grocery
• Replacement Market Savings
• 3.6 MWa/Year at 50 mills/kWh
• 50 MWa in 2025
• New Equipment Market
• 0.6 MWa/Year at 47 mills/kWh
• 12.5 MWa in 2025

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Premium HVAC EquipmentNext Steps

• Initiatives to redefine premium efficiency
• Its not your fathers EER
• Huge potential in premium economizer
• Some potential in direct/indirect evaporative
• Controls/staging/sizing are critical components
• Needs considerable attention at national level
  and with manufacturers

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationCommissioning
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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationCommissioning

• Packaged Roof Top Units
• Near 80 of new building HVAC capacity
• Near 60 in older buildings and increasing
• Most are gas fueled
• Out-of-sight out of mind
• Recent studies in PNW and CA find
• 80 are sub-optimal
• Lots of economizer error

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationCommissioning

• Several pilots and programs underway
• EWEB, Puget, NEEA, CA
• Estimates taken from current work
• Used Ecotope analysis on both costs and savings
• Developed weighted average package of costs and
  savings

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationAssumptions

• Measure bundle conservative
• Economizer controller to differential control or
  to change over at 65F
• Min/Max OA adjustment
• Two-stage stat adjustment
• OA control on heating warm up
• Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) on some
• Air flow check, coil cleaning, charge correction

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationAssumptions

• Two climate zones - Seattle and Boise
• Considered mix of OA settings
• Two building types with 3 internal gain levels
• Typical existing EERs
• 350 per 7-ton unit
• 600 per 7-ton unit with DCV

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationTypical Savings
from Optimization Package
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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationCost Assumptions

• 350 per 7-ton unit
• 600 per 7-ton unit with DCV
• Five-year measure life

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationAssumptions

• Modeled savings adjusted for As Found by
  assuming 80 with problems
• Credit cooling savings at cooling load shape
• Summer savings highly valuable
• Fraction of roof top units and space heat fuel at
  recent historical mix
• Assumes old systems convert to roof top units
• Applied DCV to fraction of occupancies where it
  is applicable (need min OA 35)
• Used incremental DCV cost and savings

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Packaged Roof-Top OptimizationResults

• Both Measures almost always cost-effective
• 152 MWa in 2025 at 33 mills/kWh

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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning
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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning

• Measure applies to larger buildings and to older
  buildings
• Reviewed Commissioning Literature
• Precious few data points
• Wide range of costs and savings
• Looked at individual measure metrics

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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning
Schedule and Overrides Air and Water Flow
Adjustments and Balancing OA Control Economizer
Control Damper Control Chiller Control Cooling
Tower Approach Temperature Pressure
Reset Temperature Reset
Simultaneous Heating Cooling EMS
Adjustment Sensor Error and Calibration Sensor
Placement VSD Control Air VSD Control
Water Control Valves Warm-Up Sequence Night Purge
Sequence
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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning
Source NEEA Study
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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning
Source NEEA Study
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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning

• Savings estimates
• Range (5) to 45
• NEEA Study (existing bldgs) well documented
• Range 1 to 38 electric on n8
• Other studies similar range
• SMUD
• Texas
• PECI summary

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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning
Source NEEA Study
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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and
CommissioningInput Assumptions

• 15 savings off baseline HVAC EUI
• 6 year measure life
• By building type and space heat fuel
• Cost 0.35/sf to 1.50/sf depending on size
• Gas savings get OM credit
• Assume 70 applicability
• Only on built-up systems

Source NEEA Study
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Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and
CommissioningResults

• 57 MWa at 19 mills/kWh 2025

Source NEEA Study
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Grocery Refrigeration Bundle
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Grocery Refrigeration Bundle

• Night Covers for Display Cases - Vertical
• Night Covers for Display Cases - Horizontal
• Strip Curtains for Walk-in Boxes
• Glass Doors on Open Display Cases (LT)
• Glass Doors on Open Display Cases (MT)
• New Refrigeration Display Case with Doors (LT)
• New Refrigeration Display Case with Doors (MT)
• Special Doors with Low/No Anti-Sweat Heat

• Anti-Sweat Heat Controls
• Auto-Closers for Coolers and Freezers
• Evaporative fan controller on walk-in
• Air-cooled to Evaporative Cooled Condenser
• Energy Efficient Condenser
• Floating Head Pressure Controller
• Efficient Evaporator Fan Motor - ECM
• Efficient Evaporator Fan Motor - PSC
• Energy Efficient Compressors

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Grocery Refrigeration Bundle

• Costs, Savings and Measure Life from
• CA Express Efficiency Work Papers
• Xenergy
• Remaining measure targets
• 50 on Floating Head, Multiplex, System Opt
• 10-40 on glass door cases
• 50 on tripple low-e doors
• 80 Anti-Sweat Heater Control
• 95 PSC and ECM motors

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Grocery Refrigeration Bundle

• All measures cost effective except
• ECM and PSC motors on the margin
• Potential of 40 MWa at 20 mills/kWh 2025

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VSDs

• Looked at air and water systems
• VSDs on fans are cost-effective
• Have become standard practice
• Included in many package units
• Small remaining savings in built-up systems
• 2.5 MWa
• VSDs on chilled water loops
• Cost-effective in very large systems
• Small remaining potential
• 1.5 MWa

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Plug Load Controller

• Power strip for offices and cubes with integral
  occupancy sensor
• Control cubicle task lights
• Cost-effective at 15 incremental cost assuming
  at least 30 watts connected
• At 50 watts controllable savings potential is
• 16 MWa at 32 mills/kWh

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Premium Fume Hood

• Typical Hood
• Like trying to suck a candle out from ten paces
• Labs starved for air
• Large HVAC interaction a savings multiplier
• New design boosts flow at edges with ECMs
• Blow the candle out with laminar flow
• Savings 25 at hood 75 make-up conditioning
• Save 8500 kWh/hood, cost 5000-6000 incremental
• PNW share down estimate
• 19 MWa on 20,000 hoods, verge of
  cost-effectiveness

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Power SupplyAC to DC Conversion in Appliances,
Computers, Widgits

• Previous estimate 14 MWa for PNW
• Reviewed estimate with Ecos Consulting
• Revised estimate 142 MWa for PNW
• Example Efficient Power Supply for a PC
• Save 147 kWh/year 20MWa all PNW PCs
• 8 mills/kWh new
• 50 mills/kWh retrofit

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