SUSTAINABLE BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS Geoff McDonell P'Eng' LEED AP

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SUSTAINABLE BUILDING HVAC SYSTEMS Geoff McDonell
P.Eng. LEED AP
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HVAC Systems Purpose

• Human Comfort
• Make up for building heat losses
• Get rid of building heat gains
• Remove/dilute
• indoor pollutants

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HVAC Systems Purpose

• Indoor Conditions Design Criteria
• Temperature range 20-26?C (68?-78?F)
• Relative humidity range 30-60
• Air movement velocities 0.15 - 0.25 m/s
• Surfaces to Air temperature difference ? 2?C
  (4?F)
• Space heat gains/ losses
• Internal (people, lights, el. equipment, etc.)
• External (solar radiation, conduction,
  infiltration)

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HVAC Systems Purpose

• Indoor Air Quality
• Balance between production and removal of indoor
  air contaminants
• Maintaining indoor pollutant concentrations at an
  acceptable level
• Pollutant Types
• - Gaseous/ Particulate
• - Organic/ Inorganic
• - Toxic/ Harmless
• - Stable/ Unstable
• Pollutant removal method
• - dilution by space ventilation
• - direct exhaust from the source

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All-Air HVAC Systems

• Unlimited application range
• Can be designed anywhere, anytime and made to
  work for any application
• Occupant perception of fresh air conditions
  due to high air movement rate

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All-Air HVAC Systems

• Comfort and IAQ
• - uneven space comfort
• - high air velocities typically ? 0.3 m/s
  (50-100 fpm)
• - potentially high noise levels
• - portion of contaminated air is mixed and
  re-circulated
• Cost
• - large equipment capacities required
• - moving large air volumes ? energy intensive
  operation
• - large space requirements
• - higher mechanical equipment and building space
  cost

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Conventional HVACSystems
Energy Use of a Typical All-Air HVAC System 33
for Space Heating Cooling Plant Up to 40
energy used for perimeter zones 67 for Energy
Transport ! Fan Energy !?
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Air vs Water
Volumetric Heat Capacity ?.cp J/m3.K A
measure of materials ability to store thermal
energy

• Air ? ?. cp 1,395 J/m3.K
• Water ? ?. cp 4,200,000 J/m3.K

• Water can store 3,400 times more thermal energy
  per unit volume than air!
• A 15mm water pipe can flow as much energy as a
  350mm air duct!
• More air volume to move More Fan Energy Used

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Human Comfort

• 15 humidity/perspiration
• 35 convection/air movement
• 50 radiation heat exchange

In a low velocity air environment at moderate
humidity, Resultant Temperature Mean Radiant
Temperature Air Temperature / 2
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Human Comfort
RESULTANT TEMPERATURE not Air Temperature
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Envelope Design

• Glazing solar performance
• Glazing thermal performance
• Thermal bridging
• Internal mass walls/floors
• Thermal load control first, then apply comfort
  systems designs.

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Total Comfort System
Starts with the building envelope

• Reduce thermal loads to minimum
• Radiant temperature control system as primary
• Air system reduced to minimum ventilation

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RADIANT SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Geoff McDonell P.Eng.
LEED AP
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Human Comfort
RESULTANT TEMPERATURE not Air Temperature
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Radiant Systems Design

• Radiant heating floors limited to 29C-32C
  (85F-90F)
• Radiant heating ceilings, up to 95C (200F)
• Radiant floor cooling max. output 40 Watts/Sq.M
• Radiant cooling ceilings max. output 80-90
  Watts/Sq.M
• Radiant cooling is limited by ambient dewpoint

Radiant temperature control systems are
controlling the Resultant Temperature in the
space. The key to energy efficiency is
separating the temperature control function from
the ventilation function.
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Hydronic Radiant Systems
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Hydronic Radiant Systems
Rules of Thumb Radiant heat transfer surface
area A at surface temp. Ts For a given fixed
capacity Large A Small Ts to room T
difference Small A Large Ts to room T difference
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Radiant Systems Design
Low mass radiant systemquick response High mass
radiant systemslow response

• With quick response radiant system, use air
  system as steady state temperature control,
  radiant system for transients.
• With slow response radiant system, use air
  system for transient trim temperature
  control, radiant system for steady state.

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Radiant Panel Systems

• Basic radiant design rules apply
• Can be used for both cooling and heating
• Radiant cooling limitations apply- humidity
  control a MUST.
• Room by room trim control with the panels, and
  zone steady state air temps by required air
  system.

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Suspended Radiant Panels

• Low mass
• Quick response time
• TwaterTpanel easy design
• Easily integrated with acoustic T-bar
• Manufactured product
• EXPENSIVE !

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Suspended Radiant Panels
Remember to spec the insulation on the back !
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Suspended Radiant Panels
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Applied Capillary Tubes

• Common in Europe
• Flexible design
• Recyclable polypropylene
• Surface plastered installation-low thermal mass
• Can be cast into concrete
• Not an oxygen barrier material !

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Applied Capillary Tubes
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Applied Capillary Tubes
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Applied Capillary Tubes
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Applied Capillary Tubes
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PEX Tube Systems

• Radiant walls
• Radiant ceilings
• Uses commonly available PEX tubing
• Field fabricated/engineered systems
• Applicable mainly to wood-frame
• Medium costs, not too expensive

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PEX Tube Systems
Residential ceiling applications
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PEX Tube Systems
Radiant wall application
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PEX Tube Systems
Can be used in walls and ceilings as well as
floors
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Concrete Core Conditioning

• Swiss Batiso Buildings
• PEX tubing cast into structural concrete
• Exposed concrete ceiling
• High thermal mass
• Slowwww response

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Concrete Core Conditioning

• Uses night air
• Fan system required
• Detailed duct coordination

TermoDeck System
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Radiant Slabs

• Night time pre-cooling
• Thermal inertia
• Creates stable interior temperatures
• Requires high performance envelope
• Thermal mass heat pump effect

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Concrete Core Conditioning-Batiso

• Relatively low installed costs
• Very stable indoor climate
• Lots of coordination needed during design
• Integrated design process required

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Concrete Core Conditioning-Batiso

• Save floor to floor height
• Optimum human comfort
• Very low energy use
• Requires very high performance envelope

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Radiant Slab Cooling
Floors vs Ceilings
Floor cooling min. temp. 66F (19C) Floor
cooling output limited to 12 Btuh/SF to 15
Btuh/SF Floor coverings, furniture are
insulators Ceiling cooling min. temp. 62F
(16.5C) Ceiling cooling output limited to 25
Btuh/SF to 30 Btuh/SF
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Radiant Slab Cooling

• Maximum ambient dewpoint 15C (60F)
• Indoor relative humidity controlled to be lt60
• Ventilation air reduced to minimum dedicated
  outdoor air system (DOAS)

Typically overhead/ceiling system for max.
efficiency and comfort
Graphic from Zent-Frenger Batiso System
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Radiant Slabs
Time response vs tube depths vs fluid temperature
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Radiant Slabs

• Control systems response time of concrete slabs
  is about 1.5 - 2 hours per inch of concrete
• Types of concrete EcoCrete, Slag Cements, Fly
  Ash content
• Coordination with other Trades

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Radiant Slabs

• Coordination during Construction

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Radiant Slabs
Coordination during Construction
Cast-in-place inserts
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Radiant Slabs
Coordination during Construction
Tube Loops Pressurization - Air vs Water
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Radiant Slab Ceilings
Acoustic Considerations

• Room furnishings
• Floor finishes
• Ceiling Texture
• Suspended radiant panels using slab loops

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Post Construction
Finding tubes in the finished building
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Dedicated Outdoor Air System (DOAS)

• Filtered/treated 100 outdoor air
• Constant volume or VAV
• Heat/Energy Recovery
• Demand controlled
• Easy to verify and
• control
• Works in any climate

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Central Heat/Energy Recovery
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Geo-Exchange Systems

• Water Source Heat Pumps
• Low temperature heating water 100F/38C
• High temperature cooling water 60F/15C

Great match to radiant heating/cooling system
operations
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Geo-Exchange Design

• Ground Conditions
• Groundwater/direct waterbody use
• Soil conductivity
• Legalities
• Vertical wells vs Horizontal fields
• Energy Balance

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Energy Balance

• Winter heating requirement
• Summer heat rejection
• Ground heat absorption/dissipation
• Steady state loads (DHW)

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Geo-Exchange Design
Soil Evaluation

• Annual temperatures at depth
• Moisture content
• Groundwater movement
• Soil types at depths
• Bedrock Best for vertical wells

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Geo-Exchange Systems

• Closed Loop Systems
• Vertical wells
• Horizontal fields
• Building integrated coils

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Geo-Exchange Systems

• Open loop systems
• Well water/ground water
• Ponds/Lakes
• Ocean

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Geo-Exchange Design

• Step 1 Minimize the building heating and
  cooling loads FIRST !
• Step 2 Perform an energy balance - summer
  heat rejection vs winter heat requirements.
• Step 3 Geo-exchange heat transfer system
  evaluations.

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Glazing Performance
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Putting It All Together

• Three Legs of the Human Comfort Stool
• Radiant Temperature Control
• Efficient ventilation
• Humidity control

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Total Comfort System
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Putting It All Together
Swiss Batiso Building Design

• Very high performance envelope
• Radiant slab system temperature control
• Dedicated outdoor air system
• Supplemental natural ventilation
• Low energy mechanical plant

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Swiss Batiso Building
Constant Temperature Building
Schaffhausen, Switzerland
SarinaPort, Friborg, Switzerland
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Swiss Batiso Building
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Swiss Batiso Building
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Batiso Building
Courtesy of Earth Tech

• Gleneagles Comm. Ctr., West Vancouver, BC
• Geo-exchange heat pump plant
• DOAS
• Displacement ventilation
• Radiant slab heating/cooling

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Batiso Building

• Irving Barber Learning Centre, UBC
• Radiant slab heating/cooling
• DOAS displacement ventilation
• High performance facade

Downs Archambault Architects Earth Tech Mechanical
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Radiant Slab Costs
Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs
Premium for Visionwall or Heat Mirror 6.00/sq.f
t. of building. (Based on 80/sq.ft. for
Visionwall vs. 40/sq.ft. for normal commercial
double pane, 6 foot high glass on 12 foot floor
to floor curtain wall style construction).
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Radiant Slab Costs
Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs
Mechanical Cost for VAV or Fan-Coil System with
Conventional GlazingHVAC System 12.00/Sq.Ft
.Plumbing 4.50/Sq.Ft.Sprinklers 2.25/Sq.Ft
.Controls 1.75/Sq.Ft. 20.50/Sq.Ft.
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Radiant Slab Costs
Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs
Mechanical Cost for the Thermoactive Slab System
with Displacement VentilationHVAC
System 8.50/Sq.Ft.Plumbing 4.00/Sq.Ft.Sprin
klers 2.00/Sq.Ft.Controls 1.00/Sq.Ft. 1
5.50/Sq.Ft.
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Radiant Slab Costs
Envelope vs. Mechanical/Electrical Costs
Electrical Cost for Conventional
Building 13.50/Sq.Ft. Mechanical Cost for
Conventional Building 20.50/Sq.Ft. Electrical
Cost for Thermoactive Slab Building 12.00/Sq.Ft.
Mechanical Cost for Thermoactive Slab
Building 15.50/Sq.Ft. Savings for
Mechanical/Electrical Systems 6.00/Sq.Ft. Premiu
m for High Performance Glass 6.00/Sq.Ft. Conclu
sion Thermoactive slab building CAN be built at
the same or lower cost than a conventional
building.
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Case Study
UBC Fred Kaiser ECE Building
- Integrated design - High performance
envelope - Radiant heating/cooling slabs Total
Mechanical systems cost 19.05/SF
(Tender) Energy use 40 less than conventional
building
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Occupant Comfort Systems Fred Kaiser Bldg.
Ventilation Systems
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Case Study
Simon Fraser University Dormitories
Net Capital Cost Premium of 160,000.00 on 17M
Total
DavidsonYuenSimpson Arch. Earth Tech Mech Elec
With central HRV ventilation system, and radiant
heating 50 less Energy Use
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Occupant Comfort Systems -Fred Kaiser Bldg.
Ventilation Systems Induced Natural/
Displacement Ventilation
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Fred Kaiser Bldg. UBC
Cooling Plant Closed Circuit Cooling Tower
Runs at night to generate 16C cooling water with
low energy requirements Weather station on roof
for continuous monitoring
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Fred Kaiser Bldg. UBC
Daylighting and Indirect Lighting
-Lighting controls -High eff. Lamps -Personal
control -Occ. sensors
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Fred Kaiser Bldg. UBC

• Energy Use
• 40 less than conventional HVAC systems
• CBIP Grant of 43,000
• Water Use
• 50 less than conventional fixtures
• Capital Costs
• Same overall cost as conventional building
  systems
• Satisfies all of the Human Comfort
• requirements - radiant, ventilation.

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Fred Kaiser Bldg. UBC
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Fred Kaiser Bldg. UBC

• Operational Issues
• Glass quantity and performance
• Interior blinds/shades
• Cold spots/Warm spots
• Sliding doors and
• Coffee Shop

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BC Cancer Research Centre Overview

• energy efficiency 42 per cent energy savings
  with no use of HCFCs
• flexibility of design, including interstitial
  service floors that allow work spaces to be
   reconfigured as technology and services change
• water efficiency, achieving exceptional 43 per
  cent savings, including the use of waterless
  urinals as a first for this type of  building
• 24 per cent recycled construction and finishing
  materials, described as extraordinary for
  laboratories and health care facilities

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LEED CI Silver
Hughes Condon Marler Architects Office
Renovation Vancouver, BC
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Going Beyond LEED
Building Energy and Sustainability Goals

• North American Energy Codes are a moving target
• ASHRAE 90.1 (U.S. and City of Vancouver)
• MNECB (Canada)

• Equipment and Appliance Energy Ratings
• Lighting
• Fuel burning equipment
• Electrical equipment
• HVAC Equipment

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Going Beyond LEED
Zero-energy Buildings Hard, clear Building Energy
Targets -gt 50 Kwh/sq.M/yr. Waste Management and
materials Renewing, restoring and enhancing
ecosystems
BedZed Development, England
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Going Beyond LEED
Each year, as much as 40 of the raw materials
and energy produced in the world are used in the
building sector. --ASMI, "The Environmental
Challenge in the Building Sector" 1999
Author Paul Hawken estimates 3,200 pounds of
waste are generated to create one pound of
product .and only 1 of all materials mobilized
to serve America is actually made into products
and still in use six months after sale.
The number of gallons of water needed to produce
one pound of edible product Apples 49Carrots
33Potatoes 24Tomatoes 23Beef 2,500 Georg
Borgstrom, presentation to the Annual Meeting of
the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, 1981, cited in John Robbins, Diet for a
New America (Walpole, NH Stillpoint, 1987), pg.
367
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New CCM Module Updates

• DDC input
• High or Low Limit output to N/C or N/O contacts
• Added 4 Thermostat control.
• Added Relay Ctrl Independent of Pump Control.
• Added Processor for More accurate Temp control,
  and timing.
• Added N.O. N.C. selectable with temp rise or
  drop.
• Added Exerciser for Valves, activate at any
  particular time interval.
• Added Fuse to primary instead of secondary.
• Added forth pin to interface connector (for
  exerciser).

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iRadiant
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Commercial Buildings Market
Small Buildings 95 (1,000 to 50,000 S.F.)
Medium Buildings 4 (50,000 to 200,000 S.F.)
Large Buildings 1 (200,000 to 500,000 S.F.)
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Commercial Building Market
PROFILE
Number of Buildings
000s Square Feet
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Small Building Target Market
Source Service / Replacement / Modernization
Market Report
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Other Available Controls

• Fan Coil Unit Controllers
• Packaged DX Unit Controllers
• Air Handling Units
• Heat Pump Unit Controllers
• Lighting Controls
• Access Control
• Utility Metering

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Applications - Fan Coil Unit Controllers

• FCU 1 Fan, two pipe, modulating valve
• FCU 2 Fan, two pipe, floating point valve
• FCU 3 Fan, four pipe, modulating valve
• FCU 4 Fan, four pipe, floating point valve

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Applications Packaged Unit Controllers

• DXU 1 Two stages heating cooling
• DXU 2 Economizer, two stages heating, four
  stages of cooling.

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Applications - Air Handling Unit

• AHU-1 Control with modulating heating cooling
  valves and economizer

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Applications - Heat Pump Unit Controllers

• HPU 1 Two stage compressor control, with
  reversing valve and Fan mode selection.

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Applications Lighting Control

• LCU 1 Eight zone control with light level
  influence.
• Switch mode options available
• Blink warning prior to switch off
• Integrates with HVAC Access schedules
• Can accommodate 8 lighting zones

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Applications Access Control

• ACU Door access control with security
  monitoring
• Integrates with HVAC and lighting for Energy
  saving
• Utilizes standard proximity type card readers
• Monitors last door used by card
• Anti pass back option
• Accommodates Card, PIN and Cipher applications

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LCI2 Remote Access Screen
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LCI2 Entry Screen
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LCI2 Controllers
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LCI2 BTU Meter Screen
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LCI2 BTU Settings Screen
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LCI2 BTU Outputs Screen
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LCI2 BTU Input Screen