air pollution

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CC604 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTIONAND CONTROL
CHAPTER 3 AIR POLLUTION
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• Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in
  the air that is not part of the original, normal
  composition.

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Natural forest fires, pollen, dust
storm Unnatural man-made coal, wood and other
fuels used in cars, homes, and factories for
energy
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DEFINITION

• There is a gas, liquid or particles contained in
  the air so that the change and affect the life or
  other materials.
• The materials are suspended in the air and a
  negative impact on humans, plants and animals.
• This is due to these materials will enter the
  body through breathing and can block the flow of
  oxygen into the blood vessels.
• This can cause various diseases such as cramps,
  cancer, asthma, cramps, and anemia. Dust, smoke,
  mist, vapor or other substances that can block
  eyesight is different form of air pollution

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Pollutants

• Pollutants can be classified as either
• primary or secondary
• primary pollutants
• are substances directly emitted from a process,
  such as the carbon monoxide gas from a motor
  vehicle exhaust or sulfur dioxide released from
  factories.

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Pollutants

• Secondary pollutants
• are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in
  the air when primary pollutants react or
  interact. An important example of a secondary
  pollutant is ground level ozone.

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Indoor Air Pollution
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Indoor Air Pollution
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RADON

• Radon is a chemical element in the periodic table
  that has the symbol Rn and atomic number 86.
• Noble gas that is formed by the disintegration of
  radium, radon is the heaviest gases and is
  considered a health hazard.
• The most stable isotope is Rn-222 which has a
  half life of 3.8 days and used in radiotherapy.
  Radon gas can accumulate in homes and cause lung
  cancer 1, causing potentially 20,000 deaths in
  Europe alone each year.

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RADON

• Radioactive gas found in soil earth bricks that
  exist in the original form of radium that is
  damaged - such as the decay products of uranium.
• Progeny, decay products _at_ daughtera.
• Damage lung tissue lung cancer.
• Smokers are likely to die from this cancer.

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Radon

• Radioactive radon-222
• Lung cancer threat
• Occurs in certain areas based on geology
• Associated with uranium and organic material in
  rock

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Effects of Air Pollution on People

• Respiratory diseases
• Asthma
• Lung cancer
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Premature death

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ASBESTOS

• Minerals in the formation of crystals / crystal.
• Long thin fibers.
• Divided 2 serpentine amphibole - depending on
  the crystal element.
• Individuals at risk, building maintenance,
  repairs, cleaning, plumber carpenter.

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FOMALDEHYDE

• Chemical industry manufacturing of building
  materials Household products.
• Products of combustion.
• In the home-building materials / buildings, smoke
  cigarettes, a product home.
• Fuels such as gas stoves.
• Production of examples glue adhesive
  components.

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PLUMBUM

• Abundant in the earth's crust.
• In water, soil plants.
• Easily obtained from the spread in the soil
  water.
• May occur during the combustion of the battery
  container _at_ container of old paint contains lead.
• Increased burning of leaded gasoline.

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• Sulfur Dioxide
• produced when coal and fuel oil are burned
• present in power plant exhaust
• narrows the airway, causing wheezing and
  shortness of breath, especially in those with
  asthma

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Sulfur Dioxide

• Many Industrial meta-orel removing, cleaning of
  oil, Pulp Paper Manufacturing
  IndustriesCharcoal is a substance that contains
  sulfur.
• When burning sulfur will combine with oxygen to
  produce sulfur dioxide around the equationS
  2O2 ----------- SO4
• Sulfur dioxide is then combined with hydrogen
  ions in the vapor in the air and form acids
  sulfurous.
• In addition, carbon dioxide combines with
  hydrogen ions and form carbonic acid.

• Gas no color
• Strong odor poked
• Easy to late rain water mould acid rain(human
  skin, damage of iron steel, low land
  Ph,Building simple fragile eroded.
• Eyes painful, damage the lungs

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Nitrogen Dioxide

• Grey gas to orange
• Brochitis cancer respiratory organ.
• Damage lung tissue
• Eyes irritant
• Decreasing resistance Children of Flu
• Late rain water acid rain Forming
• Key components in forming vague Photochemical

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• Nitrogen Dioxide
• reddish, brown gas
• produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen
  in the atmosphere
• present in car exhaust and power plants
• affects lungs and causes wheezing increases
  chance of respiratory infection

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• Carbon Monoxide
• colorless, odorless
• produced when carbon does not burn in fossil
  fuels
• present in car exhaust
• deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue,
  and impaired vision

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Carbon Monoxide

• Occurs when the internal combustion engine can
  not burn the fuel completely.
• Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas and can be
  fatal if inhaled in a long-term.
• Burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil is the
  main cause of air pollution.
•  Fuel is also organic and has the element carbon.
  
• Thus, incomplete combustion produces carbon
  monoxide.

• Combines with hemoglobin to form
  karboksihemoglobinCauses lack of oxygen, can
  cause death.
• Moisturize the brain, dizziness
  headaches.Product gas is not completely carbon
  compounds.
• Resulting from car exhaustareas of traffic
  congestionCar Garage under the building
  closed.

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Dust (particular matter)

• Solid particles are trapped with gas directly
  from the material being diproses.Contohnya coal
  cement.
• Dust is separated from the fragments of the
  parent in the mechanical processes, such as
  sawdust.
• Consisting of large particles such substances
  Used trapped in coal-cleaning operations.

• Can deface buildings
• Asthma attacks for asthma patients.
• Clogging leaf of stoma cover-reduced rate of
  photosynthesis.

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• Particulate Matter
• particles of different sizes and structures that
  are released into the atmosphere
• present in many sources including fossil fuels,
  dust, smoke, fog, etc.
• can build up in respiratory system
• aggravates heart and lung disease increases risk
  of respiratory infection

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Lead (Plumbum)

• Retardation caused brain defects in children.
• Reduce the ability of the hand foot
  coordination, coma and death _at_ disrupt the body's
  ability to build new blood cells.
• Suspended matter.
• Sole source of car-exhaust
• Except with the nearest non-ferrous smelting

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OZON PHOTOCHEMICHAL SMOG
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• Ground Level Ozone
• at upper level, ozone shields Earth from suns
  harmful UV rays
• at ground level, ozone is harmful pollutants
• formed from car, power and chemical plant exhaust
• irritate respiratory system and asthma reduces
  lung function by inflaming and damaging lining of
  lungs

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OZON PHOTOCHEMICHAL SMOG

• The main contributor to car-exhaust
• Oxides of nitrogen are formed in the combustion
  of gasoline fuel released into the atmosphere
  react with sunlight, ozone.
• Ozone reacts with hydrocarbons to form a series
  compound include aldehydes organic acids.

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

• Sources - the construction, demolition, soil
  erosion, dust asbestos disposal
• Classification - human health, vegetation, animal

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EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

• The main effect of air pollution on humans is the
  respiratory system.
• Gases such as carbon monoxide will poison the
  transport of oxygen in the blood system will slow
  human reaction and the effects can lead to
  drowsiness, asthma and reduced lung function.

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EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

• Pollutants such as nitrogen oxide can cause
  pulmonary edema and bleeding.
• Pollutants such as ozone gas can cause irritation
  to cause inflammation of the lungs and the
  ability to move.
• Dust, smoke, mist, vapor or other materials are
  also prevents eye sight and also affect the human
  eye.
• Study World Health Organization (WHO) state of
  three million people die every year due to air
  pollution.
• It is three times higher than the number of
  deaths from vehicle accidents.

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POLLUTION EFFECTS ON VEGETATION

• The effects of the plant are damaged, such as
  necrosis (loss of leaves), chlorotic (change
  colors), and stunted growth.
• This effect will cause the earth lack of food
  resources and economic section of the population
  is affected.
• Sulfur Dioxide - damage to the sheets - of
  cotton, wheat.
• OZONE - leaf spots - tomatoes, beans, spinach
  potato.
• Flouride - End of burning leaves - the broadleaf
  trees.

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EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON ANIMALS

• Animals become endangered or dying as a result of
  air pollution.
• This is because of the air entering the lungs of
  the animal and plant sources of food contaminated
  with the effects of air pollution.
• Most rapidly through the food
• Animals eat the plants vulnerable to food
  poisoning.
• Arsenic (metal lead)
• Animals exposed to contaminated sulfur dioxide
  gas.Effect of fluoride harm cattle sheep

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The Greenhouse Effect
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The Greenhouse Effect
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GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON
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GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON

• 1824 - a French scientists - Jean Baptisle
  Fourier.
• GreenhouseWithout the greenhouse effect, earth
  surface temperatures fell to -180C

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GREENHOUSE
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GREENHOUSE

• Greenhouse is a building made of glass or plastic
  that allows planting of a protected and
  controlled.
• The heat from the heat penetrates the transparent
  structure of vegetation and soil in it.
• In addition, the air inside is heated and has
  remained without can escape out of this building.
  

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GREENHOUSE

• The building was constructed in various forms and
  roles. In an industry desperate farmers, for
  example, it was built with big size and equipped
  with modern equipment for multi-monitor and
  promote the growth of plants in it.
• Glass or plastic are also used to work as an
  intermediary that allows the transfer (or
  "liberation") of radiation at certain
  frequencies.
• The result is that, in the energy "trapped" in it
  for heating plants, and can not freely exit from
  the greenhouse. Greenhouse is also used in
  industry and also for research purposes.

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GREENHOUSE PHENOMENON PROCESS

• Greenhouse effect occurs when the composition of
  greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon
  monoxide, nitrogen dioxide rises above normal
  levels.
• When the composition is increased, the molecules
  of gas, which is heat storage, will trap heat and
  slow down the process of heat release.

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GREEN HOUSE EFFECT GLOBAL

• Global greenhouse effect occurs when, in the
  infrared solar radiation entering the earth's
  atmosphere are not adequately reflected by normal
  due to the greenhouse effect.
• This will lead to gradual global warming, and
  areas experiencing severe pollution will be
  affected by more severe.
• The implications of global warming will cause ice
  at both poles of the earth will experience
  dilution and cause an increase in sea level.

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SOURCES OF GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

• Source of the greenhouse effect is an increase in
  atmospheric carbon dioxide.
• Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide
  in the atmosphere caused by human activities such
  as
• Burning fuel
• Forest fires
• Felling of forests and livelihoods
• Widespread burning of rubbish
• Fuel combustion in industry
• Motor vehicles
• The use of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)

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SEA LEVEL RISE

• Sea level rise in the Arctic and Antarctica is
  caused by melting chunks of ice that caused
  flooding coastal areas, as occurs in coastal
  Bangladesh.
• spill in sea water to agricultural areas and
  increase the salinity (saltiness) of land.
• Makes it less suitable for agriculture.
• Will submerge low-lying areas and cause flooding.
  

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TSUNAMI (2004)
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CLIMATE CHANGE

• Higher atmospheric temperature causes evaporation
  of water occurs very quickly. Consequently, the
  occurrence of droughts and floods is uncertain.
• Changes in the wind and currents causing natural
  disasters such as storms (RITA, Katrina, Wilma)
  and hurricanes.
• Extreme climatic events where droughts and floods
  occur unexpectedly, such as in Africa. This
  reduces the production of forest and agriculture.
• Changes in rainfall and water resources,
  transforming the availability of water.
• It bring problems to the agriculture and
  reforestation.

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Evidence for Climate Change

1. 20th C was hottest in the past 1000 years
2. Global temp has risen 0.6C (1.1F) since 1861
3. 16 warmest years on record since 1980, 10 warmest
   since 1990
4. Glaciers and sea ice are melting
5. Sea level has risen 100-200 cm over 20th C

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Past Climate Changes
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CO2 and temperature from ice cores
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Solutions Dealing with the Threat of Climate
Change

• Options
• Do more research before acting wait and see
  (current US strategy)
• Act now to reduce risks because global warming
  would have severe impacts
• Act now in same way to reduce risks of global
  warming because it has other benefits to
  environment and society (even if warming doesnt
  happen)

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JOHOR FLOODS (2006 2011)
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AFFECTED HUMAN HEALTH

• Changes in temperature can cause the heat wave in
  some places and people, especially the older
  population may have heatstroke.
• Lack of fresh water and flooding can cause
  contaminated water used and lead to diarrhea.

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DAILY ACTIVITIES AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT
UNINTERRUPTED

• Transfer of climate zones and the movement of sea
  water and flooding can affect fishing and other
  aquatic life.
• Natural disasters such as storms and droughts
  also cause electrical interference.
• People living in coastal areas have sometimes
  placed within the other because of flooding.

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DISRUPTED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

• Production of crops and livestock declined due to
  lack of water and heat.

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measures to overcome

• Re-afforestation
• Recycling (GREEN DOT)
• Awareness campaign
• The use of environmentally friendly energy
  sources.

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Global Warming
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Acid Rain
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Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere
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Seasonal Ozone Layer Thinning at the Poles
Credit Science VU/NASA/Visuals Unlimited
Large Antarctic Ozone hole three times the size
of the United States. September, 2000.
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Loss of the Ozone Layer Reasons for Concern

• Increased incidence and severity of sunburn
• Increase in eye cataracts
• Increased incidence of skin cancer
• Immune system suppression
• Increase in acid deposition
• Lower crop yields and decline in productivity

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Skin Cancers
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Solutions Protecting the Ozone Layer

• CFC substitutes
• Montreal Protocol 1987
• Copenhagen Protocol 1992
• both signed by 177 countries
• CFCs take 10-20 years to get to the stratosphere
• CFCs take 65-385 years to break down

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Future CFC concentrations
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• API Air Pollution Index
• Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may
  cause health concerns.
• Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest
  concern)

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Air Quality Air Pollution Index Protect Your Health
Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when air quality is in this range.
Moderate 51-100 Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion.
Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101-150 Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion.
Unhealthy 151-200 Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion, everyone else, especially children should limit prolonged outdoor excertion.
Very Unhealthy (Alert) 201-300 Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion.
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MEASUREMENT OF AIR QUALITY
Pure Air - Air semulajd but does not exist in
the natural environmentthe beginning of the
first generationEquipment needed to get
quantitative information about the air built by
engineers scientists controlling air
pollution.Advantages - Quick, inexpensive does
not require external power to operate.Disadvantag
es - difficult to use, slow inaccurate
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Second Generation

• Expanded when the data are more accurate fast
  required
• Using a power source, usually electric pumps to
  move air unttk may mensampel with more air in a
  shorter time.
• Gas measurement technique typically involves wet
  chemistry in which the gas is dissolved in the
  fluid collector _at_ response with it.

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Third Generation

• To produce a continuous reading.
• Continuous graph showing the levels of various
  pollutants is obtained by measuring spontaneous

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measurement of particulate

• The first generation of devices for measuring
  particulates involves measuring the amount of
  dust deposited on the earth.The measurement of
  dust fall is the easiest method to measure air
  quality.
• Whether the dust is collected in open containers
  _at_ the sticky tape is placed around the jar.
• Sampling period to maturity is usually 30 days,
  usually sticky tape can be read within 7 days
  provide a qualitative indicator of the
  particulate pollution.
• Dust fall jar dried to remove moisture weighed
  to determine the amount of dust in the blender,
  usually reported in tons (2,000 lb) of dust per
  square mile settle within 30 days.

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clean filter weight is 1000g. After 24 hours in
the hi-vol sampler, dust filter and weighs 10.10
g. Air flow on the surface final test period
was 60 40 ka3/min, respectively. What is the
concentration of particulates?
The weight of particulates (dust) (1010 to
1000) g x 106µg / g 0.1 x 106µgThe average
air flow (60 40) / 2 50 ka3/minAmount of
air through the filter 50 ka3/min x 60 min /
hour x 24 hours / day x 1 day 72.000 ft3
72.000 ft3 x 3.28 x 10-3 m3/kaki3 2038
m3Total suspended particles (0.1 x 106µg) /
2038 m3 49 6µg) / m3
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Thank you