AKS 44: Industrialization, Nationalism, and Imperialism

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NationalismUnification of Germany

• Led by Prussia
• Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister under Wilhelm
  I
• Policy of Realpolitik
• Tough power politics - no idealism
• Issues not decided by resolutions, but by blood
  and iron
• Allowed him to expand Prussia achieve dominance

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GermanySeven Weeks War (1866)

• Bismarck provoked Austria to declare war on
  Prussia
• Prussia (superior training equipment)
  humiliated Austria
• Austrians lost Venetia given to Italy
• Had to accept Prussian annexation of more German
  territory
• Prussia took control of N. Germany for 1st
  time, E W Prussia joined

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GermanyFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

• Bismarck manufactured incident that caused
  France to declare war on Prussia
• Final stage in German unification
• S. Germans (Catholic) accepted Prussian
  (Protestant) leadership
• King Wilhelm I crowned Kaiser emperor
• Called empire Second Reich (HRE was the 1st)
• Bismarck achieved Prussian dominance by blood
  and iron

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NationalismUnification of Italy

• Led by Sardinia
• Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister under Victor
  Emmanuel II
• Worked to expand Sardinian Empire
• Succeeded through war, alliances, help of
  nationalist rebels
• Unified Italy in process

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Germany Italy - Similarities

• Leaders were aristocrats
• Nations united by nationalism
• One state led unification

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JapanModernization Pays Off for Japan

• By 1890, Japan had
• Several dozen warships
• 500,000 well-trained, well-armed soldiers
• Became strongest military power in Asia

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JapanJapan Gains Western Favor as a Nation-State

• Constitution legal codes similar to European
  nations
• Wanted to eliminate extraterritorial rights of
  foreigners
• 1894 foreign powers accepted it
• Strength feeling of equality rose
• Became more imperialistic

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Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War
(1904-1905)

• Causes
• Russia refused to stay out of Korea
• Japanese led surprise attack on Russian navy
  anchored off coast of Manchuria

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Reaction to Foreign DominationRusso-Japanese War
(1904-1905)

• Results
• Destruction of Russian navy
• Territorial gains for Japan
• Withdrawal of Russia from Manchuria Korea

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Reaction to Foreign DominationYoung Turks

• Progressive group that believed in liberalism,
  constitutionalism, materialism, centralized
  government, and nationalism
• Opposed imperialism
• Impact
• Tradition of dissent shaped political and
  intellectual life in late Ottoman period
• State was instrument for social/political change
• Ideals helped form early modern Turkish state

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Forces of ImperialismMotives

• Economic competition for markets raw materials
• National pride
• Racism
• Missionaries' desire to Christianize civilize
  non-European peoples

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Forces of ImperialismTechnological Advantages
over Africa

• Superior weapons
• Railroads, cables, steamships
• Quinine (drug) to protect from malaria

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Forces of ImperialismFactors Making Africa
Vulnerable

• Africans great diversity of languages and
  cultures
• Ethnic rivalries
• Lower level of technology, including weapons

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Division of AfricaBerlin Conference of 1884
1885

• Agreement among 14 European nations about how to
  divide Africa among European countries
• Outcomes
• Random distribution of African ethnic
  linguistic groups among European nations
• Transformation of the way of life of Africans

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From Cairo to Cape Town
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Division of AfricaClash in South Africa

• Zulus
• Shaka created large centralized state
• Successors unable to keep together against
  British superior arms British invaded 1879
• Fell to British control in 1887
• Boers (Dutch) a.k.a. Afrikaners
• 1st Europeans to settle in S. Africa
• British
• Took over Cape Colony in early 1800s clashed
  with Boers over British policy regarding land
  slaves

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Division of AfricaBoer War (1899-1910)

• Diamonds/gold discovered in 1860s 1880s
• Boers launched commando raids used guerilla
  tactics
• British burned farms imprisoned women
  children
• Britain finally won
• Outcome
• Creation of self-governing Union of South Africa
  controlled by British

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French Control of IndochinaHow Brought Under
Control

• Missionaries were killed
• French army invaded Vietnam
• Combined it with Laos and Cambodia

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French Control of IndochinaMethod of Control

• Direct control
• French themselves filled all important positions
  in govt

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French Control of IndochinaEconomic Policies

• Discouraged local industry
• Rice became major export crop

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French Control of IndochinaColonial Impact

• Imposed French culture
• All schools, courts, businesses followed French
  models
• ? of local industries
• Less food for peasants

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Japanese in AsiaWar with China (Sino-Japanese
War) (1894-1895)

• How it started
• Rebellion broke out against Koreas king, who
  asked China for military help
• Chinese troops marched into Korea
• Japan protested violation of agreement sent its
  troops to fight the Chinese
• Consequences
• Destruction of Chinese navy
• Beginning of Japanese colonial empire
• Change to worlds balance of power
• Emergence of Russia Japan as major powers (
  enemies) in Asia

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Japanese in AsiaOccupation of Korea

• Annexed Korea brought under control
• Ruled Korea harshly
• Established very repressive govt that denied
  rights to Korea
• Inspired Korean nationalist movement

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Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China)

• Setting the Stage
• China self-sufficient, little trade w/ west ?
  favorable balance of trade
• Europeans wanted to find product Chinese would
  buy in large quantities ? found it in opium
• Many Chinese became addicted

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Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China)

• Causes
• Chinese emperor wanted trade stopped ? Britain
  refused to stop

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Interaction with WesternersOpium War (China)

• Results Effects
• Chinese defeat humiliation
• Cession of Hong Kong to Britain
• Continuation of opium trade
• Extraterritorial rights for foreign citizens
• Chinese resentment against foreigners

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Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion
(China)

• Setting the Stage
• Population provided major challenge growing 30
  in only 60 years

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Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion
(China)

• Causes
• Hunger/starvation caused by inability to feed
  enormous population
• Increasing opium addiction
• Poverty

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Interaction with WesternersTaiping Rebellion
(China)

• Results Effects
• Rebellion put down
• Restoration of Qing to power (with help of
  British and French forces)
• 20 million people died

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Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew
Perry (Japan)

• Perry Arrives in Tokyo
• Arrives with letter from U.S. President Fillmore
• Letter politely asked shogun to allow free trade
• Perry gave threat that he would return with
  larger fleet in one year to get Japanese reply
• Purpose shock frighten Japanese into accepting
  trade with U.S.

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Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew
Perry (Japan)

• Treaty of Kanagawa (1854)
• Japan opened two ports where ships could take
  supplies

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Interaction with WesternersCommodore Matthew
Perry (Japan)

• Benefits to U.S.A.
• Gained rights to trade at those two ports
• Opened door for other W powers

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Effects of ImperialismColonization

• Europeans control land and people in areas of
  Africa, Asia, and Latin America

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Effects of ImperialismColonial Economics

• Europeans control trade in the colonies and set
  up dependent cash-crop economies

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Effects of ImperialismChristianization

• Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia