Industrialization

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Industrialization Nationalism

• 1800-1870

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Factors of Production
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People

• James Watts
• Stevenson
• Eli Whitney
• Henry Ford
• Karl Marx

• Proletariat
• Bourgeoisie
• Class struggle
• Marxism
• Great Famine

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Essential Questions

• Trace patterns of industrialism in the world.
• Analyze how new innovations made industrialism
  more successful.
• Contrast the circumstances of labor workers
  before and after the Industrial Revolution.
• Discuss the emergence of industrial capitalism
  and its implications.
• Discuss the impact of industrialism on society.

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Cottage Industry / Factory System

• Factory System
• Centralized work placegt outside home
• Paid by how much time you worked
• Women children paid less than men
• Machines set pace
• Direct control of workforce
• Limited breaks to maximize production

• Cottage Industry
• Piecework
• Earnings directly tied to how much produced.
• Made in home
• Family enterprise
• Whole families helped

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Cottage Industry
A Diagram of The Factory System
                                                  
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Factory System
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Patterns of Industrialization

• Great Britain
• First emerged there
• Favorable conditions demand for textiles
• Mechanization of Industry
• Kay 1733gt flying shuttle
• increased production 100 X previous production
• Cromptons mule 1779gt new spinning machine
• Cartwrights 1785gt power loom

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Industrial Innovation

• Britain source of many innovations
• James Watts 1765gt steam engine
• Iron Steel
• Use of coke to fuel furnaces
• Bessemer Process gt cheap steel making
• Transportation
• Railroads steam
  ships lowered costs
• Stevenson 1815
• Steam powered
  locomotive

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New Social Classes Emerge

• Owner class
• Wealthy entrepreneurs investors
• Well educated
• High standard of living
• Working class
• Labor force of poor / immigrants
• No education b/c child labor
• Exploited for their labor

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Industrial Capitalism

• Eli Whitney
• Machine tools
• Standardized interchangeable parts
• Henry Ford
• Assembly line production of automobile
• Lowered costs
• Paid workers more 5 a day
• Workers could afford cars 200

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Industrial Capitalism

• Big Businesses / corporations
• Were promoted b/c
• High cost of factories
• Capital investment
• British French
• Laid legal groundwork for modern corporations

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Industrial Capitalism

• MONOPOLIES
• Direct domination of any industry
• CAPITALISTS Either formed
• Trusts
• Many businesses run as one
• Cartels
• Groups that set production price
• O.P.E.C.

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Spread of Industrialism

• Napoleonic Wars abolished guilds trade barriers
• Facilitated industrialization in W. Europe
• Belgium, Germany, France
• Industrialized by 1900

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Social Impact of Industrialism

• Population growth
• Better diets improved sanitation
• Urbanization
• Internal migration
• rural to urban
• Demographic transition
• Relative stability
• Voluntary birth control low
  fertility rate

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Urbanization Migration

• Urbanization
• Internal migration
• From farms to factories
• Growth in number size of cities

• TRANSCONTINENTAL
• External migration
• Mostly Europe to America
• 50M from early 19th to early 20th Cent.

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Social Impact of Industrialization

• New Social Classes
• Captains of Industry
• extreme wealth
• Middle class
• largest beneficiary
• Working class
• poorly paid, unskilled

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Social Implications

• INDUSTRIAL FAMILIES
• Families lead separate lives
• Men gain stature
• Workers resisted work discipline
• Working women only lower class
• Child labor common because of low wages to family
  child

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Casualties 148
http//www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/
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Great Famine

• Ireland
• A direct colony of Britain
• Oppressed among Western nations
• Dispossessed of their land and vote
• Tenants in their own land
• Potatoes
• Crop failure lead to famine
• Britain exported food during the famine
• 1M died / 2M emigrate

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Resistance to Industrial Domination

• KARL MARX
• Intense competition lead to exploitation
• Political social institutions served only the
  interests of the capitalists
• Promoted class struggle
• Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
• Business owners / workers
• Did not believe capitalism could reform itself

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Nationalism

• Part 2

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Essential Questions

• What influence did the Crimean War have on
  European nationalism?
• How did the Principles of Legitimacy and of
  Intervention impact European relationships?
• Compare the unification of Italy and the
  unification of Germany.
• Identify the reform movements of the era.

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People Concepts

• Nationalism
• Congress of Vienna
• Principle of Intervention
• Principle of Legitimacy
• Emancipation of Serfs
• Ausgleich
• Documents of Liberalism
• Realpolitik

• Crimean War
• Florence Nightingale
• Metternich
• Otto Von Bismarck
• Cavour Girabaldi
• Czar Alexander II
• British North America Act
• Queen Victoria

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Nationalism

• Nationalism
• IDEOLOGY OF A NATION STATE
• Emerged after the French Revolution
• Revolutions in Central Europe
• Based on universal male suffrage
• Austrian Empire
• Multinational state
• Fragmentation of interests of its people

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Impact of Crimean War

• CRIMEAN WAR
• Direct impetus for new alliances in Europe
• Russia Austria now enemies
• Promoted a new rise of nationalism in the Balkans
• Spread throughout Europe

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Crimean War 1853-1856
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Crimean War
Florence Nightingale
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Congress of Vienna

• PEACE SETTLEMENT AFTER NAPOLEONIC WARS
• Metternich
• Austrian foreign minister
• Conservative ideologist
• PRINCIPLE OF LEGITIMACY
• Great Powers
• PRINCIPLE OF INTERVENTION
• Right to send armies to intervene with revolutions

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Opposition to Conservatism

• Liberalism nationalism
• Powerful forces for change
• Liberalism
• Enlightenment was the source
• Supported
• Civil liberties, free speech, press, religion
• Separation of church state
• Were not democrats
• Only equality and power to white men of property

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Documents of Liberalism

• American Declaration of Independence
• Equality Popular Sovereignty
• Life liberty pursuit of happiness
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
• Liberty equality - fraternity

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Map Austria-Hungarian Empire
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National Unification Movements

• GERMANY 1871
• Otto Von Bismarck
• Prime Minister
• Provoked wars to swell German pride
• Prussian
• Self-proclaimed
• Emperor of 2nd Reich

• ITALY 1860
• Mazzinis Young Italy spurred uprisings
• Cavour
• Expelled Austria from northern Italy
• Garibaldi
• Consolidated south
• Vittore Emmanuele

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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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Unification of Germany

• Bismarck
• Unified by force
• Autocratic rule
• Militarism
• Power base
• Realpolitik
• Practical politics not based in ideology

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Franco-Prussian War 1870
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Reforms

• France
• King Louis Napoleon
• Created empire
• Very successful until war with Prussia
• France returned to republic

Napoleon III (r.1852-1870
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Reform

• Austria
• Ausgleich 1867
• Split into two
• Austria-Hungarian Empire

Emperor Francis Joseph (r. 1848-1916)
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Reform

• Russia
• Czar Alexander II
• Emancipation of serfs
• Opposition of conservatives demands of
  liberals forced his return to
  repressive rule

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Reforms

• Reforms
• Changes brought about indirectly by revolutions
• Britain
• Liberal parliamentary reform
• Queen Victorias sense of respectability
• Promoted economic political stability

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Canadian Nation

• United Provinces of Canada
• United upper lower Canada
• British North American Act
• Parliamentary move feared American intentions
• Dominion of Canada
• Domestic self rule
• No control over foreign affairs

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Reform in the U.S.

• Divisive factor in U.S.
• Industrial north / agricultural south
• Lincoln dedicated to free territories
• Southern economy base slavery
• Democratic politics brought many into the fray
• Abolition source of division

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Enduring Questions

• What are the long and short-term benefits of
  industrialism globally?
• What are the long and short-term problems that
  have emerged locally and globally as a result of
  industrialism?
• What past and present problems in the world can
  be traced to nationalism?