Slayt 1

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Mine Cüneyitoglu
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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources

• Mine Cüneyitoglu
• METU Mechanical Engineering Department 3rd Year
  Student
• President of METU Robot Society
• 2005-2006 Education Year

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A Few Words about METU Robot Society
METU Robot Days Unique Robot Competition of
Turkey
Basic Practical Education
Formula G Solar Car Race
No Comment !!!
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Sustainable Energy Renewable Energy

• Deplation of stocks is not
• possible in timeframe of
• human race
• Deplation of stocks is
• rapidly renewed

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Renewable Energy Sources

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy

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The Main Parts of my Speech

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

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Solar Energy

• Photovoltaic Cells
• - Solar Irradiance to Electricity
• Solar Heating
• - Thermal Usage

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Solar Energy
Polycrystalline PV Cells www.solarenergy.org
Monocrystalline PV Cells http//www.njp
v-tech.com/pro_detail.asp?proid7
Heat Pipe Based Vacuum Glass Tube Solar Heat
Collecting Panels http//www.solarbridge.com/asset
s/images/product/module/SSMHfront_800.gif
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Photovoltaic Cells
Schematic Symbol and the Equivalent Circuit of a
PV Cell Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar
_cell
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Photovoltaic Cells

• Peak Watt (Wp) Standard
• 1000 Watts/m² solar irradiance at 25C

• Temperature Effect
• 0.4 reduction in power with each rising C
• Source The Solar Electric House

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Photovoltaic Cells

• Silicon Based Cells
• - Polycrystalline Cells
• - Monocrystalline Cells (Higher
  Efficiency)
• Gallium - Arsenide Cells
• - Satellites, space exploration

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Maximum Power Point

• PIV
• Maximum Power is the maximum
• of IV product
• It is the knee of the IV Curve

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Photovoltaic Cells

• IV Curve of a Single Crystal PV Module,
  Sharp NT-185 U1

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Photovoltaic Cells

• Maximum Power Point of 1000 W/m² graph,
  Sharp NT-185 U1

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Photovoltaic Applications
Solar Cells interconnected to produce the desired
power http//www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_syste
ms.html
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Photovoltaic Applications

• Solar Powered Buildings
• Solar Power Plants
• Solar Vehicles
• Satellites, space exploring devices
• Electrolysis of water for H2 production

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Solar Powered Homes Lefthttp//www.sout
hface.org/solar/solar-roadmap/roadmap_art/Maine-So
lar-House.jpg Right http//www.montanagreenpower
.com/solar/residential/pvdemo.html
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Photovoltaic Systems
Small stand-alone systems Source Go Solar
Company
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Photovoltaic Systems
Maximum Power Point Trackers

• DC to DC Converter
• Adjusts current and voltage
• between cells, batteries
• and the load

http//www.movre.com/graphics/products/ccoutback.j
pg
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Photovoltaic Systems

• Inverters
• Converts DC to AC (sine waves)
• Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) - Reduced loses
• - Almost exact sine waves

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Photovoltaic Systems
Complate stand-alone systems Source Go Solar
Company
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• Sun Tracking Systems
• http//www.solonmover.com/e_english/referenzen_mov
  er/rahmen_erlasee.htm
• The maximum power changes with latitude,total
  
• horizontal insolation, altitude angle and
• declination angle.
• Tilting and facing the best direction
• (Double axle movement)

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Solar Vehicles
MES-e, champion of Turkeys first solar car race
Formula G
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Wind Energy
Wind Power 1/2?AV³ ? air density A swept
area V instataneous wind velocity P
0.6125AV³ (at sea level)
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Wind Energy

• An anemometer is used
• for measuring the
• wind speed or pressure.
• Anemometer System Instruments
• Sensors
• Transducers
• Signal Conditioner
• Recorder

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Wind Energy

• Sensor Types Used in
• Anemometers
• Cups, propellers and pressure
• Plates Momentum Transfer
• Hot wires and hot films Heat
• Transfer
• Acoustics and laser sensors
• Doppler Effect
• Source Wind Energy Explained

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Wind Turbines
Main Parts of a Wind Turbine Source
http//www.daviddarling.info/images/wind_turbine.g
if
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Wind Turbines

• Mostly 3 blade horizontal axis
• model is preferred
• Micro Turbines
• - Less than 1000 kWh per year
• Mini Turbines
• - 1000-2000 kWh per year
• Household size turbines
• - 2000-20000 kWh per year
• Turbines in power plants
• Source Wind Energy Basics

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Wind Turbines
Source http//www.endlessenergy.com/news/fenner_v
irtual_tour.shtml
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• Controllable Processes in
• Wind Turbines
• The development of aerodynamic torque
• The development of generator torque
• The conversion of electrical current and fluid
  flow into motion (Yaw drives and pitch
  mechanisms)
• Overall conversion of wind energy into
  electrical power

Source Wind Energy Explained
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Electronic Control of Wind Turbines Speed
Control - To capture more energy - To protect
the rotor
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Electronic Control of Wind Turbines Speed
Control - To capture more energy - To protect
the rotor The five regions in speed control -
Cut-in speed - Constant Cp region - Constant
speed region - Constant power output region -
Cutout speed
Source Wind and Solar Power Systems
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• Electronic Control of
• Wind Turbines
• Rate Control
• Considers the large rotor inertia
• Controls acceleration and deceleration time in
  order to reduce instant high torque

Source Wind and Solar Power Systems
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• Electronic Control of
• Wind Turbines
• Rate Control
• Considers the large rotor inertia
• Controls acceleration and deceleration time in
  order to reduce instant high torque

Yaw Control

• Electronically controlled yaw is
• often preferred in larger systems

Source Wind and Solar Power Systems
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• Wind Turbine Sensors
• Large turbines in Power Plants have sensors
  measuring
• Speed Generator, rotor, wind speed, yaw rate
• Temperature Gearbox, bearings, generator,
  ambient air, electronics
• Position Blades, yaws, wind direction
• Electrical Characteristics Power, current,
• voltage, frequency
• Motion, stress and strain Shaft torque,
• gearbox vibration, blade root bending moment
• Environmental Conditions Icing, humidity,
• lightning

Source Wind Energy Explained
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• Wind Turbine Controllers
• Connection between sensors and actuators
• Mechanical Control Blade pitch, yaw position,
• rotor speed
• Electrical Circuits Dynamic response to input
• signals, relays and switches
• Computers Handling digital and analogue
• input and output, can be programmed with
• interface programs, digital data loggers

Source Wind Energy Explained
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• Wind Turbine Actuators
• Different types of actuation may be necessary in
  large and automatic systems
• Electromechanical Devices DC Motors,
• stepper motors, AC motors, linear actuators and
• magnets
• Hydraulic Pistons Positioning systems that
• need high power and speed
• Resistance Heaters and fans Controlling
• temperature and cooling circuits

Source Wind Energy Explained
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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Biomass Energy
Renewable Energy Sources
Biomass Biological material that is living or
recently living and can be used for industrial
purposes. Biofuels Fuels derived from biomass
material, renewable energy source

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Biomass Energy
Renewable Energy Sources

• Biofuels
• Bioethanol
• Maize, miscathus and sugarcane
• Biobutanol
• - Fermentation of biomass
• Biodiesel
• - Vegetable oil, animal fats

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Bioethanol
Fermentation of Sugar
Renewable Energy Sources
Glucose Ethyl Alcohol
Carbon Dioxide Source Engineering Outreach
Service, University of Georgia

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Biobuthanol
• Bacterium Clostridium Acetobutylicum

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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Biodiesel
Renewable Energy Sources
Biodiesel Glycerol
Fats and Oils Alcohol

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Mixtures up to B20 (20 Biodiesel 80 Petroleum
  Diesel)
• Widely available
• Compatible with commercial cars
• Decreasing harmful emissions

Source Engineering Outreach Service, University
of Georgia
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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Transesterification of Vegetable Oils
Renewable Energy Sources

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Source Engineering Outreach Service, University
of Georgia
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Transesterification of Vegetable Oils

Transesterification reduces the viscosity
by avoiding injector coking from accumulation of
carbon deposits Source Engineering Outreach
Service, University of Georgia
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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Biodiesel as Fuel in Cars
Renewable Energy Sources

• Little or no modification to existing diesel
  engine
• Releasing the deposits on tank walls and pipes
• Sources of Biodiesel (2002)

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Sources National Biodiesel Board, US
Cyberlipid Center
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Biodiesel Sources
Soybean www.stephenville.tamu.edu
Rapeseed www.bulkoil.com
Sunflower www.sunflower-children.org
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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Biofuel Power Plants
Renewable Energy Sources

• Very low sulphur content
• Highly reactive Lower temperatures
• 10 GW installed capacity

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Monopoli Power Plant, Italy 24
MW www.industcards.com
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Mechatronics in Renewable Energy Sources
Biofuel Power Plants
Renewable Energy Sources

• Very low sulphur content
• Highly reactive Lower temperatures
• 10 GW installed capacity

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Water Energy
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

Monopoli Power Plant, Italy 24
MW www.industcards.com
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Water Power

• Hydroelectric Energy
• - Hydroelectric dams
• Tidal Power
• - Energy of a tide in horizontal and
  vertical directions
• Wave Power
• - Energy of waves
• Geothermal Power
• - The Earths Heat

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Hydroelectric Energy

• Based on the potential energy of water in dams
• Worlds 20 of electric power supply
• Longer service times than fuel burning power
  plants
• May destroy aquatic ecosystems and
• cultural sites
• Sourcehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectrici
  ty

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Tidal Energy

• Based on the tide energy
• - Kinetic energy of surging waves
• - Potential energy difference of high and low
  tides
• Tidal lagoons for kinetic energy of surging
  waves
• Mathematical modelling of wave movements

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Bay of Fundy

Huge amounts of energy transpires as a result of
orbital mechanics Source http//en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/ImageBay_of_Fundy_High_Tide.jpg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageBay_of_Fundy
_Low_Tide.jpg
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• Wave Power
• Power 0.5 H²T
• (kW/m)
• H Wave height (m)
• T Wave period (s)
• 2.5 terawatt power from tidal dissipation
• due to the Earths deceleration on lunar orbit

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• Wave Power Wave Dragons Working Principle
• Wave reflectors captures waves with increasing
  the
• efficiency
• Source http//www.wavedragon.net/index.php?option
  com_frontpageItemid1

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• Wave Power Wave Dragons Working Principle
• Wave reflectors captures waves with increasing
  the
• efficiency
• Water comes into main structure, the double
  curved
• ramp and a water storage reservoir
• Source http//www.wavedragon.net/index.php?option
  com_frontpageItemid1

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• Wave Power Wave Dragons Working Principle
• Wave reflectors captures waves with increasing
  the
• efficiency
• Water comes into main structure, the double
  curved
• ramp and a water storage reservoir
• Low head propeller turbines converts hydraulic
  head
• in the reservoir to electricity
• Source http//www.wavedragon.net/index.php?option
  com_frontpageItemid1

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Wave Power Wave Dragons Working
Principle Sourcehttp//www.wavedragon.
net/index.php?optioncom_frontpageItemid1

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Geothermal Energy

• Not strictly a renewable source since
• related to the radioactive decay inside
• Earth
• Useful applications with heat pumps
• Electricity generation is 8 GW
• worldwide

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Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Hydrogen,
• is not the energy source
• is a medium of transportation

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Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Advantages of Hydrogen
• Well-Supplied
• High Energy Density (33 kWh/kg)
• Advantages of Fuel Cells
• High Efficiency
• No Harmful Emissions

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Hydrogen Economy
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Disadvantages of Hydrogen and
• Fuel Cells
• Production Difficulties
• Storage Difficulties
• Costly Technology

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Hydrogen Production Difficulties
Methods of Hydrogen Production
Current Commercial Production Methods of
Hydrogen Data taken from Renewable Energy Forum
Report presented by American Solar Energy
Society, 2003
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties

• Methods of Hydrogen Production
• Environment Friendly Methods
• Wind Electrolysis
• Concentrated Solar Power
• - Photovoltaic Power for Electrolysis
• - Solar Thermal Power
• Thermal Processes with Biomass
• - Biomass Gasification
• - Biomass Pyrolysis

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Storage Difficulties of Hydrogen
Hydrogen fire versus gasoline fire Simulation by
Daimler Chrysler Image from Scientific American
Frontiers at PBS.org.
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties
Costs of Hydrogen Technology Large-Scale
Central Production - About 0.85
1.10/kg On-Site Production - Estimated at
5.10 - 6.00/kg Renewable Hydrogen
(Biological) - 13.53/kg Data taken from
Hydrogen Ventures LLC, 2004
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On-site Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen filling station ECTOS at
Reykjavik Source Risk Assesments of Hydrogen
Refueling Station Concepts Based On Onsite
Production
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Fuel Cell Home Application

3 10 kW with waste heat used for heating or air
conditioning Source Johnson Matthey Fuel Cell
Systems
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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells


Hydrogen Cycle with the Hydrogen Car Usage
Source Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles Future of
Transportation
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties
Fuel Cells
Methanol Fuel Cell produced with MEMS
Technology Source Lawrance Livermore National
Labaratory
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Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)
Picture from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageF
uelcell.en.JPG
Fuel Cells
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Fuel Cells
Ballard Power Systems http//www.ballard.com/be_i
nformed/fuel_cell_technology/how_the_technology_wo
rks
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties
Fuel Cell Types
Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cells
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties
Mechatronics in Fuel Cells

• Mechatronic Components in Fuel Cells
• Relays
• Valves
• Pumps
• Compressor Motors
• Expander Vanes
• Fan Motors
• Humidifiers
• Condensers

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Mechatronics in Fuel Cells
The FC Toy School Bus Mechanical Engineering
Department, University of Michigan
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties
Mechatronics in Fuel Cells
FC Toy School Bus Technical Data
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FC Toy Bus ElectronicsMechanical Engineering
Department, University of Michigan

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Hydrogen Vehicles
Honda EV Plus world.honda.com
Iris Bus - Fiat, Iveco and Renault www.autoservizi
gasbarri.it
Toyota FCHV-5 www.h2mobility.org
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Hydrogen Vehicles
Source Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles Future of
Transportation
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Hydrogen Vehicles
Source Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles Future of
Transportation
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Hydrogen Production Difficulties

• Regenerative Braking
• Kinetic Energy ½mv²
• 0.51000(28)² 392000 Joules
• Deceleration time 7 seconds
• 392000 Joules/ 7 Seconds 56000 Watts
• 1 ton car braking 100 km/h dissipates
• energy can light 100 W bulb for 1.5 hours

Source Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Vehicles Future of
Transportation
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Thank You!I hope one day we will only use
the environmental friendly renewable energy
sources...
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References
The Solar Electric House, Steven J. Strong with
William G. Scheller, Sustainability Press,
1993 Wind Energy Basics A Guide to Small and
Micro Wind Systems, Paul Gipe, Chelsea Green
Publishing Company, 1999 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell
Vehicles Future of Transportation, Sam Glidden,
Jared Delahanty, June 2004 Mechatronics in Fuel
Cell Systems, Anna G. Stefanopoulou, Mechanical
Engineering Department, Univ of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, 2004 Community-based model for forest land
management and bioenergy production using a
distributed CHP system, Doug W. Smith, Eric L.
Bibeau, Martin Tampier, Entropic Energy,
Vancouver, BC, Canada University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, MB, Canada Environmental
Intelligence, Montreal, PQ, Canada
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References
Transesterification Process to Manufacture Ethyl
Ester of Rape Oil, Roger A. Korus, Dwight S.
Hoffman Narendra Barn, Charles L. Peterson, and
David C. Drown, Department of Chemical
Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow Wind and
Solar Power Systems, Mukund H. Patel, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, United States, 1999 Renewable
Energy Forum Report presented by American Solar
Energy Society, 2003 Solonmover Sun Tracking
Systems, http//www.solonmover.com/e_english/refe
renzen_mover /rahmen_erlasee.htm Wind Energy
Explained Hydrogen Ventures LLC,
2004 Engineering Outreach Service, University of
Georgia Cyberlipid Center National Biodiesel
Board, US Go Solar Company
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References
www.solarenergy.org http//www.njpv-tech.com/pro_
detail.asp?proid7 http//www.solarbridge.com/asse
ts/images/product/module/SSMHf ront_800.gif http/
/www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_systems.html http/
/www.southface.org/solar/solar-roadmap/roadmap_art
/Maine- Solar-House.jpg http//www.montanagreenpow
er.com/solar/residential/pvdemo.htm http//www.mov
re.com/graphics/products/ccoutback.jpg http//www.
solonmover.com/e_english/referenzen_mover/rahmen_
erlasee.htm http//www.daviddarling.info/images/wi
nd_turbine.gif http//www.endlessenergy.com/news/f
enner_virtual_tour.shtml www.industcards.com
Mine Cüneyitoglu