GAINING AN EMPIRE

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GAINING AN EMPIRE

• CHAPTERS 29 30

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HOW WE LIVED AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH CENTURY
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THE BIG QUESTION

• TO WHAT EXTENT WAS LATE 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY
  20THCENTURY U.S. EXPANSIONISM A CONTINUATION OF
  PAST U.S. EXPANSIONISM AND TO WHAT EXTENT WAS IT
  A DEPATURE?

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RUSHING ON THE WORLD STAGE

• THE INFLUENCE OF SEA POWER UPON HISTORY,
  1660-1783, CAPT. ALFRED THAYER MAHAN
• CONTROL OF THE SEAS WAS THE KEY TO WORLD
  DOMINANCE.
• CAUSED A WORLD-WIDE NAVEL ARMS RACEA STEEL NAVY

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• WHAT WAS BLAINES BIG SISTER POLICY?
• AS PART OF THE GARFIELD AND HARRISON
  ADMINISTRATIONS, BLAINE FACILITATED OPENING LATIN
  AMERICAN MARKETS TO THE U.S. TRADERS.
• FIRST PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCE IN 1889

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• PLANNED FOR REDUCED TARIFFS.
• MOST IMPORTANTLY THIS STARTED A LONG HISTORY OF
  FRUITFUL ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL COOPERATION
  BETWEEN THE U.S. AND LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES.

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• THE VENEZUELA-BRITISH GUIANA BOUNDARY DISPUTE,
  1895-96
• CLEVELAND TOOK THE SIDE OF VENEZUELA
• TWENTY-INCH GUN BLASTED IN ENGLAND DUE TO
  BRITAINS FLOUTING OF THE MONROE DOCTRINE.

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• BRITAIN CLAIMED THE MONROE DOCTRINE DID NOT
  APPLY.
• CLEVELAND ASKED CONGRESS TO COMMISSION EXPERTS TO
  DETERMINE THE BOUNDARY.
• THREATENED BRITIAN WITH WAR IF THEY DID NOT
  ACCEPT THE BOUNDARY.

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• LOOKED AS THOUGH WAR WAS INEVITABLE (WITH THE
  BRITISH NAVY GROSSLY OUT-NUMBERING THAT OF THE
  U.S.)
• WHY DID BRITAIN FINALLY ACCEPT AMERICAS TERMS?
• CANADA AND BRITISH MERCHANT MARINES WERE
  VULNERABLE TO RAIDS FROM AMERICANS.

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• PROBLEMS WERE BREWING IN EUROPE, INCLUDING
  TENSIONS WITH GERMANY OVER THE DUTCH-SOUTH AFRICA
  AFFAIR.
• BRITAIN NEEDED THE U.S. AS ALLIES GIVEN THE
  INCREASED TENSIONS IN EUROPE.

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LETS GO HAWAIIAN

• EARLY IN THE 19TH CENTURY AMERICAN WHALERS,
  SAILORS, AND MERCHANTS USED THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
  AS A WAY STATION AND FOR PROVIONS.
• MISSIONARIES WERE SENT.

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• 1840sU.S. WARNED OTHER NATIONS TO KEEP THEIR
  HANDS OFF HAWAII
• 1875COMMERCIAL AGREEMENT WITH HAWAIIAN GOVT.
• 1887TREATY GAVE U.S. THE RIGHT TO BUILD A
  NAVAL-BASE (PEARL HARBOR)

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• WHAT CAUSED PROBLEMS BETWEEN U.S. AND HAWAII?
• THE McKINLEY TARIFF RAISED THE PRICE OF HAWAIIAN
  SUGER
• AMERICAN PLANTERS DECIDED TO ANNEX HAWAII TO
  AVOID THE TARIFF.
• QUEEN LILIUOKALANI RESISTED.

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• WHITES LED A SUCCESSFUL REVOLT (WITH THE
  UNAUTHORIZED HELP OF AMERICAN TROOPS)
• GROVER THE GOOD HALTED THE ANNEXATION BUT IN
  1898, UNDER McKINLEY, HAWAII WAS ANNEXED.

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SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• AMERICAS 94 TARIFF PROTECTED U.S. SUGAR AGAINST
  CHEAPER IMPORTED SUGAR, INCLUDING CUBAN SUGAR
• THE CUBAN SUGAR INDUSTRY WAS CRIPPLED.

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• CUBAN SUGAR FARMERS BURNED THEIR FIELDS AND MILLS
  (SCORCHED-EARTH POLICY) HOPING SPAIN WOULD
  GRANT THEM THEIR INDEPENDENCE OR U.S. WOULD STEP
  IN AND HELP THEM AGAINST SPAIN.

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• AMERICANS HAD SIZEABLE INVESTMENTS IN CUBAN
• 50 MILLION IN INVESTMENT
• 100 MILLION IN ANNUAL TRADE
• SPANISH MISRULE IN CUBA INTERRUPTED U.S. TRADE IN
  THE CARIBBEAN AND GULF.

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• PLUS, U.S. SYMPATHIZED WITH CUBAS DESIRE FOR
  INDEPENDENCE.
• GENERAL (BUTCHER) WEYLER
• ESTABLISHED RECONCENTRATION CAMPS FOR CIVILIANS.
• THOUSANDS DIED.

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• AMERICAN PUBLIC WANTED U.S. INVOLVEMENT
• 1896, CONGRESS RESOLVED THAT CLEVELAND ADDRESS
  THE SITUTATION.
• CLEVELAND REFUSED TO GET INVOLVED (THREATENED NOT
  TO MOBOLIZE TROUPS)

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• YELLOW-JOURNALISM
• JOSEPH PULITZER
• WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST--YOU FURNISH THE
  PICTURES AND ILL FURNISH THE WAR, HEARST TO
  FREDERIC REMINGTON.
• REMEMBER THE MAINE

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• SENT TO PROTECT AND EVACUATE AMERICANS IN CASE OF
  WAR
• FEBRUARY 15, 1898, THE MAINE BLEW UP IN THE
  HAVANA HARBOR (260 KILLED)

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• THE CAUSE WAS SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION IN A COAL
  BUNKER LOCATED BESIDE A POWDER MAGAZINE.
• EVEN AT THE TIME IT WAS NOT CONSIDERED LIKELY
  THAT THE SPANISH BLEW UP THE MAINE.

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• BUT AMERICANS WANTED WAR AND DEMANDED THAT THE
  SPANISH GIVE CUBA ITS FREEDOM.
• SPURRED ON BY THE YELLOW PRESS.
• WALL STREET DID NOT WANT WAR BECAUSE IT WOULD
  DISRUPT TRADE.

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• McKINLEY WAS TORN BUT WENT TO WAR BECAUSE
• HE WANTED TO WIN RE-ELECTION.
• HE DID NOT TRUST THE SPANISH TO KEEP THEIR WORD
  (TO END RECONCENTRATION CAMPS AND GIVE AN
  ARMISTICE TO CUBAN REBELS).

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• SPAIN ACUSED HIM OF JINGOISM.
• THE TELLER AMENDMENT
• PROMISED TO FREE CUBA.
• THE WAR
• COMMODORE DEWEY DESTROYED THE SPANISH NAVY IN THE
  PHILIPPINES 5/1/98

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• NOT ONE AMERICAN DIED.
• HAWAII AND THE PHILIPPINES ANNEXED, JULY 7, 1898.
• LATER GUAM WAS ANNEXED.

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• THE ROUGH RIDERS CHARGED SAN JUAN HILL, JULY 1,
  1898
• SPAIN SIGNED AN ARMISTICE, AUGUST 12, 1898
• WHAT CAUSED THE REAL U.S. CASUALITES OF THE WAR?

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• 5K DIED FROM MALARIA, TYPHOID, DYSENTERY, YELLOW
  FEVER, AND FOOD POISONING.
• DISEASE RAN RAMPANT IN U.S. TRAINING CAMPS.

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THE PHILIPPINESPROFITS OR PIETY

• U.S. PAID SPAIN A REMARKABLE 20,OOO,OOO
• PHILIPPINES WERE NOT INCLUDED IN THE ARMISTICE
  SINCE IT SURRENDERED THE DAY AFTER, AUGUST 13.

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• THOUGH IT BECAME A CONTROVERSY, IT APPEALED TO
  MOST PEOPLE TO KEEP THE PHILIPINES. WHY?
• SPREAD PROTESTANTISM
• THE WHITEMANS BURDEN
• MANILA COULD BECOME ANOTHER HONG KONG

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• THERE WAS A STRONG ANTI-IMPERALISM REACTION.
• THE ANTI-IMPERIALISM LEAGUE FORMED.
• STRONG OPPOSITION CAME FROM LEADING
  AMERICANSWILLIAM JAMES, MARK TWAIN, ANDREW
  CARNEGIE.

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INSULAR CASES

• CONGRESS WOULD HAVE TO DECIDE WHICH LAWS APPLIED
  TO THE NEW TERRITORIES BECAUSE THE FLAG REACHED
  FARTHER THAN THE CONSTI-TUTION (I.E., DID NOT
  EXTEND ENTIRELY TO NEW LANDS).

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• THE FORAKER ACT OF 1900 GAVE PUERTO RICO LIMITED
  POPULAR GOVERNMENT.
• IN 1917, PUERTO RICANS WERE GIVEN U.S.
  CITIZENSHIP.
• AS PER THE TELLER AMENDMENT, CUBA WAS GIVEN ITS
  INDEPENDENCE.

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• EUROPE WAS SURPRISED.
• CUBA WROTE ITS OWN CONSTITUTION IN 1901
• PLATT AMENDMENTU.S. COULD USE MILITARY FORCE TO
  RESTORE ORDER AND CUBA COULD NOT SIGN TREATIES OR
  ASSUME DEBTS THAT WOULD IMPAIR THEIR INDEPENDENCE.

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• CUBA ALSO AGREED TO SELL OR LEASE COALING AND/OR
  NAVAL STATIONS TO THE US (GUANTANAMO)

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THE EFFECTS OF THE WAR

• U.S. DEMONSTRATED THAT THEY ARE A WORLD POWER.
• U.S. GAINED RESPECT FROM EUROPEAN NATIONS.
• AMERICAN NATIONALISM SOARED.

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• PUERTO RICAN IMMIGRANTS ADD TO THE INCREASING
  CULTURAL RICHNESS OF AMERICA.
• AMERICA BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWER AND A FAR
  EASTERN POWER.

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• THE U.S. LEARNED IT LESSON ON BEING
  UNPREPAREDDEVELOPED A STRONGER AND LARGER NAVY
  UNDER T.R.
• THE RIFT BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH BEGINS TO
  MEND. WHY?
• THEY HAD A COMMON ENEMY.

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AMERICA ON THE WORLD STAGE

• CHAPTER 30

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THE PHILIPPINES

• WANTED THEIR FREEDOM, LIKE CUBA BUT BECAME U.S.
  TERRITORY.
• FILIPINOS REVOLTED UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF EMILIO
  AGUINALDO.

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• THE U.S. AND FILIPINOS WERE BARBAROUS TOWARD EACH
  OTHER.
• THE U.S. USED TACTICS SIMILAR TO THOSE OF SPAIN
  AGAINST CUBANS, INCLUDING RECONSTRUCTION CAMPS.

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• THE U.S. EVEN USED THE WATER CURE.
• U.S. DID SET UP A VERY GOOD SCHOOL SYSTEM AND
  SPENT MILLIONS TO IMPROVE ROADS, SANITATION, AND
  PUBLIC HEALTH.

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• MANY FILIPINOS IMMIGRATED TO THE U.S.
• IMMIGRATION TO U.S. DOUBLED AFTER WWII.
• TODAY U.S. RECEIVES MORE FILIPINO IMMIGRANTS THAN
  FROM ANY OTHER ASIAN NATION.

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• THE PHILIPPINES GAINED THEIR INDEPENDENCE ON JULY
  4, 1946.

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CHINA

• AFTER BEING DEFEATED BY JAPAN IN 1894-95, CHINA
  WAS BEING DIVIDED INTO ECONOMIC SPHERES BY
  GERMANY AND RUSSIA (BUT ALSO JAPAN, FRANCE,
  BRITAIN, AND ITALY).

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• WHY WOULD THIS CONCERN THE U.S.?
• MANUFACTURERS WERE CONCERNED THAT THE CHINESE
  MARKET WOULD BE SATURATED BY OTHER COUNTRIES.

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• CHURCHES FEARED FOR THE SAFETY OF THEIR
  MISSIONARIES--THEIR PROSPECTS.
• WASHINGTON, PRESSURED BY THE PRESS AND FREE-TRADE
  BRITONS, RESPONDED VIA SEC. OF STATE JOHN HAYS
  OPEN DOOR POLICY.

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• WHAT WERE THE GOALS OF THE OPEN DOOR POLICY?
• IN THEIR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE, THE GREAT POWERS
  WERE URGED TO RESPECT SOME OF CHINAS RIGHTS
  (COMMERCIAL) AND TO KEEP THE IDEAL OF FAIR
  COMPETION.

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• ONLY ITALY ACCEPTED THE POLICY OUTRIGHT.
• RUSSIA DID NOT ACCEPT IT.
• OTHERS ACCEPTED IT CONTIN-GENT UPON THE
  ACCEPTANCE OF THE OTHER NATIONS.
• HAYS ANNOUNCED THAT IT HAD BEEN ACCEPTED BY ALL.

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• THE BOXER REBELLION, 1900
• PATRIOTIC CHINESE REBELLED.
• MORE THAN 200 MISSIONARIES AND DOZENS OF
  EUROPEANS WERE KILLED.
• DIPLOMATS WERE BESEIGED IN PEKING (BEIJING)

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• A MULTINATIONAL FORCE WAS SENT INTO QUELL THE
  REBELLION.
• U.S. INVOLVEMENT WENT CONTRARY TO OUR COMMITMENT
  TO NON-ENTANGLEMENT.
• CHINA WAS FORCED TO PAY AN INDEMNITY OF 333
  MILLION.

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• FEARING FURTHER LEASING, HAY ADDED TO THE OPEN
  DOOR POLICY THAT THE GREAT POWERS WOULD RESPECT
  CHINAS TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY.
• HAY DID NOT ASK NATIONS TO ACCEPT ADDENDUM.

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TR

• WILLIAM McKINLEY WAS RE-ELECTED IN 1900
• PUBLIC FEARED FREE SILVER BRYAN.
• LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE.
• NOT A MANDATEA LESSER OF TWO EVILS.

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• McKINLEY WAS ASSASSINATED BY AN ANARCHIST IN
  SEPTEMBER, 1901.
• TR BECAME PRESIDENT.

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THE PANAMA CANAL

• HOW DID THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR EMPHASIZE THE
  NEED FOR A CANAL ACROSS CENTRAL AMERICA?
• OREGON ALMOST DID NOT MAKE IT TO THE BATTLE OF
  SANTIAGO.

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• NOW WITH HAWAII, PUERTO RICO AND THE PHILIPPINES
  TO PROTECT NEEDED MORE MOBILITY.
• THE BRITISH, EMBROILED IN THE S. AFRICAN BOER WAR
  ALLOWED THE U.S. TO BUILD THE CANAL
  (HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY OF 1901)

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• THE FRENCH HAD PREVIOUSLY TRIED AND FAILED TO
  BUILD THE CANAL IN PANAMA.
• SOME AMERICANS WANTED TO BUILD THE CANAL IN
  NICARAGUA, WHO BADLY WANTED THE CANAL.

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• THE FRENCH CANAL COMPANY WANTED TO SALVAGE THEIR
  INVESTMENT IN PANAMA SO ENGINEER BUNAU-VARILLA
  AND THE NEW PANAMA CANAL COMPANY DROPPED ITS
  PRICES BY MORE THAN DOUBLE.
• WHY DID U.S. CHOOSE PANAMA?

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• NICARAGUA HAD ACTIVE VULCANOES.
• THE NICARAGUAN CANAL WOULD TAKE LONGER TO BUILD
  AND TR WANTED TO MAKE THE DIRT FLY TO GET
  RE-ELECTED IN 1904.
• HOW DID COLUMBIA GET INVOLVED?

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• PANAMA WAS A PART OF COLUMBIA AT THAT TIME BUT
  PANAMA HAD LED MANY REVOLTS FOR ITS INDEPENDENCE.
• U.S. AND COLUMBIA REJECTED THE DEAL
• A 6 MILE ZONE LEASE IN PERPETUITY FOR 10,000,000
  UP FRONT AND 250,000 ANNUALLY.

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• BUNAU-VARILLA FEARED THE U.S. WOULD TURN TO
  NICARAGUA
• HE WORKED WITH PANAMANIAN REVOLUTIONARIES AND
  PAID COLUMBIAN TROOPS TO REVOLT ON NOVEMBER 3,
  1903

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• THE U.S. NAVY HELPED PANAMA WIN ITS INDEPENDENCE
  BY PREVENT-ING COLUMBIA FROM SENDING TROOPS INTO
  PANAMA.
• WHAT WAS PERCEIVED AS WRONG ABOUT U.S.
  INVOLVEMENT IN THE PANAMANIAN REVOLT?

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• BECAUSE OF HIS OUTSPOKEN VIEWS, IT LOOKED LIKE TR
  WAS INVOLVEDBUT HE REALLY DID NOT HELP PLOT THE
  REVOLT.

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EFFECTS OF CANAL INCIDENT

• EUROPE NO LONGER ACCEPTED THE U.S.s PRETENSES OF
  MORAL SUPERIORITY RE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS.
• U.S.s BULLYING BIG BROTHER POLICY TOWARD LATIN
  AMERICA WAS BEGUN.

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• WILLIMA GORGAS MADE THE CANAL ZONE AS SAFE AS A
  HEALTH RESORT.
• REDUCED MALARIA AND YELLOW FEVER AS HE HAD DONE
  IN HAVANA
• CANAL COMPLETED IN 1914 FOR 400 MILLION.
• TR RE-ELECTED IN 1904

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THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY (TO THE MONROE DOCTRINE)

• LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES (IN PARTICULAR,
  VENEZUELA AND THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC) WERE
  DEFAULTING ON LOANS OWED TO EUROPEAN NATIONS.
• WHY WAS THE U.S. CONCERNED?

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• THE U.S. DID NOT WANT THE GERMANS OR BRITISH (OR
  ANY OTHER NATION) TO USE THE PRETENSE OF BILL
  COLLECTING TO GET THEIR FOOT IN THE DOOR OF
  LATIN AMERICA.

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• THE ROOSEVELT COROLLARY BASICALLY SAID THE U.S.
  WOULD INTERVENE FOR THE EUROPEAN NATIONS.
• IF A NATION DEFAULTED ON A LOAN, THE U.S. WOULD
  TAKE OVER THE CUSTOMSHOUSES, PAY OFF THE DEBTS,
  AND KEEP EUROPE OUT OF LAT. AMERICA.

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• HOW DID LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES FEEL ABOUT THE
  ROOSEVELT COROLLARY?
• THEY WERE UPSET FROM THE LOSS OF GRAFT REVENUE.
• PROMOTED A BAD NEIGHBOR POLICY.

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ALL THE ROOSEVELTS LOVE A WORLD STAGEESPECIALLY
TR

• PORTSMOUTH CONFERENCE (N.H.), 1905MEDIATE AN END
  TO THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR.
• NEITHER COUNTRY WAS PLEASED.
• RUSSIA WAS DENIED A VICTORY.

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• JAPAN WANTED AN INDEMNITY AND THE ISLAND OF
  SAKHALIN.
• 1906INTERVENE IN CUBA TO QUELL REVOLUTIONARY
  CHAOS.
• INTL CONVERENCE AT ALGECIRAS, SPAIN, 1906TO
  MEDIATE N. AFRICA DISPUTES.
• WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, 1906

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WAR WITH JAPAN--AVERTED

• NUMEROUS JAPANESE MOVED TO U.S. AS A RESULT OF
  THE WAR.
• WHAT WAS THE GENTLEMENS AGREEMENT AND WHY WAS
  IT IMPORTANT?

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• AFTER THE RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR, THOUSANDS OF
  JAPANESE LABORERS POURED INTO CALIFORNIA.
• IN 1906, SAN FRANSICO HAD THE GREAT EARTHQUAKE
  AND FIRE.

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• PRESSED FOR SPACE, THE SAN FRANCISCO SCHOOL BOARD
  REFUSED TO ALLOW JAPANESE CHILDREN ATTEND PUBLIC
  SCHOOL.
• JAPAN WAS OUTRAGED.
• TALK OF WAR ENSUED.
• T.R. CALLED THE SAN FRANCISCO BOARD TOGETHER.

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• JAPAN PROMISED TO STOP THE FLOW OF LABORERS TO
  AMERICA.
• THE SAN FRANCISCO SCHOOL BOARD AGREED TO ADMIT
  JAPANESE CHILDREN TO ITS SCHOOLS.
• IN 1907 T.R. SENT THE U.S. BATTLESHIP FLEET ON A
  WORLD TOUR.

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• DONE TO SHOW JAPAN AND THE WORLD THAT THE U.S.
  GOVERNMENT WAS STRONG IN SPITE OF HAVING TO
  INTERCEDE BETWEEN JAPAN AND CALIFORNIA.

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• 1908ROOT-TAKAHIRA AGREEMENTU.S. AND JAPAN
  PLEDGED TO RESPECT EACH OTHERS TERRITORIAL
  POSSESSIONS INT EH PACIFIC AND TO UPHOLD THE OPEN
  DOOR POLICY IN CHINA.

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