The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• The Shattering of Christian Unity

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Background to the Reformation1500s

• Most people poor
• Life could be violent
• Medieval to market economies
• Wealth distributed unevenly
• Humanism takes root among the masses

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Church Abuses

• Church increasingly caught in worldly affairs
• Popes competed with Italian princes for political
  for political power
• They fought long wars to protect the Papal States
  against invasions of secular rulers
• Fought with other monarchs
• Tried to expand its power

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• At first indulgences granted for great deeds
• By 1400s indulgences were bought with money
• Many Christians protested against this practice
  especially in Northern Europe
• Erasmus

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• Popes led lavish lives
• They supported expensive arts projects (patrons)
• Increased fees for services such as marriages and
  baptisms
• Sold Indulgences lessening the time a soul
  would spend in a place called Purgatory
• Purgatory A place where impure souls atoned for
  their sins

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PURGATORY
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Early Revolts Against the Church

• England 1300s John Wycliffe used sermons and
  written attacks
• Jan Hus mid 1300s Czech Republic
• Later executed

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Marin Luther Catalyst for Change

• 1517 triggers a large revolt
• German professor/monk
• Johan Tetzel in Wittenberg, Germany
• He offered indulgences to any Christian who gave
  money in order to restore St. Peters Cathedral
  in Rome
• Ticket to heaven AND for any dead relative too

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St Peters
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95 Theses

• Luther outraged What about the poor?
• Argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible
• And Pope does not have the authority to release
  people from Purgatory
• Christians can only be saved through faith
• He posted his list on the church doors in
  Wittenbergs All Saints Church

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95 Theses
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Igniting a Firestorm

• Overnight 95 Theses printed and distributed
  throughout Europe
• 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from Church

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Luthers Teachings

• Like Erasmus wanted people to read Bible in own
  language
• Set up schools so people could do this
• Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and
  prayers to saints
• Got rid of rituals
• Emphasized sermons
• Clergy could marry

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Luthers Ideas spread

• Printing was Gods highest act of grace.
• 1530 Luther was using the name Protestant for
  those who protested Papal authority
• German princes embraced Luther
• They wanted to throw off the rule of Holy Roman
  Emperor
• And seize church properties
• German unity didnt want German money going to
  Rome

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Peasant Revolt

• 1524
• Many peasants who live a hard life rebelled
  against serfdom
• Luther did not support them
• With help of nobles, tens of thousands of
  peasants killed

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Peace of Augsburg

• Charles V (Holy Roman Empire Or King of Germany)
  tries to force many back into church
• 1555 allowed each prince to decide
• Northern Germany Lutheranism
• Southern Germany Catholic

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Switzerlands Reformation

• John Calvin influenced by Luther and fellow Swiss
  monk Erasmus
• His own ideas
• Predestination the idea that long ago God
  determined who would gain salvation
• Theocracy a government set up and run by church
  leaders
• Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline,
  thrift, honesty, and morality

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• Fines or harsh punishments for those who
• Fought, swore, laughed in church, or danced
• 1500 Calvinism takes root in Germany, France,
  Netherlands, England, Scotland
• English Calvinists sailed for America
• Luther and Catholic Church tried to put down
  Calvinism

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Reformation Ideas Spread

• Hundreds of new protestant sects spread
• Religious groups that break away from established
  church
• Anabaptists rejecting infant baptism

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The English Reformation

• Henry VIII seeks annulment
• Married to Spanish wife Catherine of Aragon
• Daughter Mary Tudor
• Wants male heir
• Wants to marry Anne Boleyn
• Asks Pope for an annulment
• Pope refuses

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• Parliament passes a series of laws placing church
  under Henry
• Appoint Thomas Cranmer as archbishop of new
  church
• Marriage is annulled
• Marries Ann Boleyn
• Daughter Elizabeth
• Anne Boleyn has head chopped off

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• 1534 Act of Supremacy Henry The only supreme
  head on Earth of the Church of England.
• Many loyal Catholics in England refuse to accept
  the Act of Supremacy
• Sir Thomas More
• Canonized recognized as a saint by the Catholic
  Church

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• 1536 -1540 Henry seizes lands, monasteries,
  convents and money
• Marries six more times
• Only son Edward VI
• 1547 Henry dies
• 9 year old Edward VI makes more reforms
• Book of Common Prayers
• 1558 Elizabeth Takes over

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Henry VIII
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Queen Elizabeth
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CATHOLIC REFORMATION

• 1530s-1540s - Pope Paul III appoints reformers to
  end corruption
• Council of Trent 1545
• Bible is not only source of religious truth
• Stiff penalties for worldliness and corruption
• Catholic schools to challenge protestant
  teachings
• Empowers Inquisition book burnings