Cardiovascular System

1
(No Transcript)
2
Cardiovascular System
Transport and Supply
3
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells of
the body, and transport carbon dioxide and other
waste products of cellular metabolism away from
cells.
4
What are the components of the cardiovascular
system?

• Heart
• Blood
• Blood Vessels

5
How are blood vessels classified?
6
What does the anatomy of the heart look like?

• Muscle about the size of your fist.
• Surrounded by protective membranes
• Located slightly left of center of chest (Base of
  heart proximal to head, Apex of heart is distal
  to head)
• Venous Blood vs. Arterial Blood
• Coronary Vessels directly supply the heart with
  oxygenated blood to full.

7
Is the Bodies Exhibit necessary?
20/20 Exclusive Part 1 and Part 2
8
Anatomy of the heart continued

• Contains 4 chambers
• Contains 2 separate pumps
• Right Side Pump - collects deoxygenated blood and
  sends to lungs Pulmonary Circulation
• Left Side Pump - collects oxygenated blood from
  lungs and pumps throughout body Systemic
  Circulation

• Right side chambers are separate from Left side
  chambers (interventricular septum).

9
What are the components of the right pump?

• Superior Vena Cava large vein carrying blood
  from head, neck, chest and upper extremities.
• Inferior Vena Cava large vein carrying blood
  from trunk, organs, abdomen, pelvic region and
  lower extremities.
• Right Atrium
• Right Ventricle
• Right Atrioventricular Valve (AV valve)
  Tricuspid Valve

10
What are the components of the left pump?

• Left Atrium
• Left Ventricle
• Left Atrioventricular Valve (AV valve) Bicuspid
  Valve aka Mitral Valve
• Aorta

11
How does the heart work? Cardiac Cycle

• Rt. Ventricle fills with blood heart then
  contracts to pump blood through the pulmonary
  valve and into right and left pulmonary arteries.
  (Tricuspid valve shuts during contraction)
• Blood travels into lungs dropping off CO2 and
  picking up O2.
• Oxygenated blood travels into right left
  pulmonary veins and back toward heart into the
  left atrium.
• Once filled blood will flow into the left
  ventricle via the bicuspid valve aka mitral
  valve.
• Left Ventricle fills with blood heart then
  contracts to pump blood through the aortic valve,
  into the aorta and then throughout the body.
  (Mitral valve shuts during contraction)

12
Why are the walls of the ventricle thicker then
the walls of the atria?
13
What does the heart sound like?
14
What do the terms systole and diastole mean?

• When the heart contract and expel blood this is
  known as systole.
• When the heart relaxes and fills with blood this
  is known as diastole.

• The actions within the heart are all coordinated.
  Atria fill at same time and ventricles fill at
  the same time. Atria contract at the same time
  and ventricles contract at the same time.

15
Cardiac Cycle
16
What is blood pressure (BP)?

• Force the blood exerts on the inner walls of the
  arteries.
• Blood pressure rises when ventricle contracts
  Systolic Pressure or Maximum Pressure
• BP falls when ventricle relaxes Diastolic
  Pressure or Minimum Pressure

17
(No Transcript)
18
How is BP regulated?

• Cardiac Output amt of blood pumped by heart.
  Tachycardia (increase BP) Bradycardia (decrease
  BP)
• Vasoconstriction (increase BP) and Vasodialation
  (decrease BP) of vasculature.

19
What would life be like if you had to think about
pumping your heart?

• Nerve impulses and hormones can be used to
  regulate heart rate, but they do not continually
  communicate with the heart.

20
How is the heart able to continually beat without
communication from a nerve impulse or hormone?

• Autorythmicity the process of creating
  controlled and directed heart contractions via
  continual electrical impulses.
• Electrical impulses are similar to action
  potentials.

21
What is needed for autorythmicity?

• Nodal Cells (pacemaker cells) - specialized
  cells that creates electrical impulses at regular
  intervals.

• 2 Types of Nodal Cells
• Sinoatrial Node (SA node) natural pacemaker
  70-80 bpm
• Atrioventricular Node (AV node) (40-60 bpm)
• Bundles of His conducting fibers
• Purkinje Fibers specialized muscle fibers that
  promote depolarization of cells muscle
  contraction

22
How does autorythmicity work continued

• Heart muscle cells at rest are polarized.
• SA nodal cells in right atrium begin to
  depolarize which quickly spreads to the left
  atrium causing the atria to contract
  simultaneously.
• DEPOLARIZATION IN ATRIA IS SEPARATE FROM
  VENTRICAL DEPOLARIZATION.
• AV nodal cells receive signal from SA nodal cells
  and then send signal down special conducting
  fibers called Bundle of His to the ventricles.
• Signal is then sent special muscle fibers called
  Purkinje Fibers which are spread throughout the
  ventricles.
• Once fibers are stimulated they will cause the
  ventricles to depolarize and contract.

23
Can you measure the electrical signal of the
heart?

• Electrocardiograms ECG or EKG

24
What are the components of an EKG?

• P Wave atria depolarization contraction
• QRS Complex ventricle depolarization
  -contraction
• T Wave repolarization of ventricles

25
What causes the heartbeat BP to change?

• Various activities can cause the autonomic
  nervous system to release neurotransmitters that
  directly effect the SA AV nodes. Sympathetic
  and Parasympathetic NS.
• Sex
• Ions, Temperature and Hormones change heart rate.
• Sodium ?
• Potassium?
• Calcium?
• Epinephrine (Adrenaline)?

26
Does exercise improve heart function?

• O2 efficiency
• Metabolism increase
• Mitochondrial
• Increased coronary artery pathways
• Thicker blood vessels

27
Sudden Cardiac Arrest vs. Heart Attack?
How to fix a blocked artery
28
What does the word vasculature mean?

• Refers to the blood vessels in the body.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood and are red due
  to hemoglobin interaction.
• Veins carry deoxygenated blood and are blue.

29
How are blood vessels constructed?

• 3 primary layers of blood vessels
• Tunica Interna thin smooth layer of skin cells.
• Tunica Media thick layer of smooth muscle
• Tunica Externa thin layer of connective tissue

30
Which vessels Arteries or Veins have thicker
walls? Why?

• Arteries have very thick walls so that it can
  handle the force exerted by the contraction of
  the heart pushing blood into the arteries.

31
How is oxygen and nutrients transported to
surrounding tissues?
Osmotic Pressure
32
How is blood pumped back to the heart?

• Veins have a light force on them from the beating
  heart, but most of the movement is due to
  skeletal muscle.
• Veins also contain sphincters which prevent
  backflow.

33
What are varicose spider veins?
34
What is blood made up of?
Plasma 55 (water, electrolytes, proteins,
nutrients, hormones, waste and gases) Formed
Elements 45 (erythrocytes, leukocytes,
platelets)
35
What do red blood cells look like?
36
Open heart surgery. Do you have what it takes?