An Emerging World Power 1890-1917 Chapter 18

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An Emerging World Power 1890-1917Chapter 18

• How did the United States become a global power?

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Standards

• Standard - SSUSH14 Description The student will
  explain America's evolving relationship with the
  world at the turn of the twentieth century.a. 
  Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and
  anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west
  coast.b.  Describe the Spanish-American War, the
  war in the Philippines, and the debate over
  American expansionism.c.  Explain U.S.
  involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the
  Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and
  the creation of the Panama Canal.

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The Roots of ImperialismSection 1

• How and why did the United States take a more
  active role in world affairs?
• Vocabulary
• imperialism Frederick J. Turner
• extractive economy Matthew Perry
• Alfred T. Mahan Social Darwinism
• Queen Liliuokalani

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The Roots of Imperialism
The Causes of Imperialism   Main Idea The
United States became one of many nations
interested in expanding control around the world
in order to increase their wealth. Americas
First Steps Toward World Power Main Idea
America developed trade with the previously
closed-off Japan, purchased Alaska, and
established trade, highways, and other
investments in Latin America. The United
States Acquires Hawaii Main Idea After
long-term debate between American planters and
Hawaiian natives, Hawaii became a U.S. territory
in 1898.
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Imperialism

• Policy by a stronger nation to extend their
  political, military, and economic control over
  weaker territories
• Extracted economies removed raw materials from
  the colony and shipped them to the home country

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Pressures for Expansion

• 1. Overproduction of food and goods business
  and farmers needed new markets
• 3. To spread democracy
• 4. To spread Christianity
• 5. Social Darwinism
• What factors influenced Americans to play a more
  active role in the world?
• Americans had surplus goods and wanted to find
  other markets for them. Imperialists embraced
  Social Darwinism and believed in Americas
  Manifest Destiny.

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Reasons for Imperialism

• 1. Economic factors countries needed natural
  resources such as rubber and petroleum and new
  markets for manufactured goods due to
  overproduction
• 2. Nationalist factors competition among
  nations for empires resulted from nationalism
• 3. Military factors advances in technology and
  the need for military bases for fuel and supplies
• 4. Humanitarian factors spread Western
  civilization, including law, medicine, and
  Christian religion

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United States Navy

• Alfred T. Mahan asserted in The Influence of Sea
  Power Upon History that the U. S. needed a modern
  fleet and foreign bases
• By 1900, U.S. had the third largest navy

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U. S. Navy
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Security Naval Power

• Naval Act 1890 construct battleships, gunboats,
  torpedo boats, and cruisers
• Great White Fleet one of the most powerful
  navies in the world

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Fredrick J. Turner

• Argued that the frontier was closed due to
  settlement of the West
• Believed U.S. needed overseas expansion as a
  safety valve to avoid internal conflict

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Time Line

• 1796 Washington said, steer clear of permanent
  alliances
• 1853 Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to
  trade
• 1866 50,000 American soldiers sent to Mexico to
  stop French from placing an emperor on the throne
• 1867 Seward bought Alaska from Russia
• 1867 Annexed Midway Islands
• Why did journalists criticize Seward for his
  purchase of Alaska?
• They criticized him because of the distance
  between Alaska and the U.S. and because they
  thought the area lacked natural resources.

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Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853
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U. S. Foreign Affairs

• Began trade with China in 1860s
• Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the
  U.S. duty-free
• 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company
  dominated the governments of Costa Rica,
  Guatemala, and Honduras known as banana
  republics
• Growth of U.S. Navy Alfred T. Mahan wrote The
  Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783
  stated that economy needed markets abroad by
  1900 the U.S. had a powerful navy

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U.S. Involvement in Latin America

• Chile forced Chile to pay money to families of
  slain U.S. sailors
• Brazil navy put down rebellion to protect U.S.
  business interests
• In a dispute between Britain and Venezuela, the
  U.S. forced them to go to arbitration to settle
  the dispute over territory between Venezuela and
  British Guiana

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Pacific

• Hawaii leased Pearl Harbor
• -Queen Liliuokalani Dole removed her in 1893
• -Annexed in 1898
• Samoa Divided islands with Germany got Pago
  Pago
• How did American planters react to Queen
  Liliuokalanis actions when she gained power?
• American planters overthrew the queen when her
  actions threatened to limit their powers and
  affect their profits.

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United States and Imperialism

• Promote economic growth expand markets for sale
  of overproduction of goods
• Protect American security Large Navy and need
  for Pacific bases
• Preserve American spirit social Darwinism

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Reading Skill Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING
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Quick Study Causes of Imperialism
Causes of Imperialism
QUICK STUDY
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Transparency American Imperialism
American Imperialism
TRANSPARENCY
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The Spanish-American WarSection 2

• What were the causes and effects of the
  Spanish-American War?
• Vocabulary
• José Martí George Dewey
• Emilio Aguinaldo Rough Riders
• Yellow Press Treaty of Paris
• William Randolph Hearst
• jingoism

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Sec 2 The Spanish-American War
The Spanish-American War
Causes of the War Main Idea When Cuba rebelled
against Spanish rulers, the United States
sympathized with Cuba. The press heightened the
desire for war, and when the U.S. battleship the
Maine exploded in Havana harbor, America declared
war on Spain. American Troops Battle the
Spanish Main Idea American troops were
successful in battling the Spanish in Cuba and
other Spanish territories, including Puerto Rico
and the Philippines. Effects of the War Main
Idea When the war ended, the United States took
over land previously controlled by Spain. This
caused debate among Americans, but ultimately
gave the U.S. new stature in world affairs.
Continued
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Key Words

• Spheres of Influence areas of economic and
  political control in China
• Open Door Policy American approach to China,
  favoring open trade relations between China and
  others
• Arbitration settlement of a dispute by a person
  chosen to listen to both sides and come to a
  decision
• Jingoism intense burst of national pride and
  desire for an aggressive foreign policy
• 
  
  
  
  

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Cuban Rebellion

• 1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain
• José Marti led rebels
• 150,000 troops under General Valeriano Weyler,
  The Butcher sent to stop
• Concentration Camps

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U. S. Position

• Why did Americans object to Spanish actions in
  Cuba?
• Brutal treatment of Cubans by the Spanish

• Cuban rebels attacked sugar plantations to get
  U.S. help
• American newspapers used yellow journalism to
  get U. S. support for Cuba

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William Randolph Hearst

• Publications (The New York Journal)called Yellow
  Press because they featured a character called
  The Yellow Kid
• Used sensational headlines to sell papers
• Exaggerated Spanish atrocities

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Joseph Pulitzer

• New York World competed with Hearsts newspapers
  by exaggerating stories about Cuba
• Pulitzer Prize is named for him

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Chart New York Journal Sales
New York Journal Sales
CHART
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De Lôme Letter

• Letter written by ambassador to Washington, Dupuy
  de Lôme, describing President McKinley as weak
  and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd
• U. S. citizens were angry

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U.S.S. Maine

• U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine and sank in Havana
  Harbor
• Americans believed that Spain had blown up the
  ship
• (Ships boiler blew up)
• Pressure to declare war

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U.S.S. Maine
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Causes of War

• 1. Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine Remember the
  Maine
• 2. Yellow journalism
• 3. The de Lôma Letter
• 4. Sympathy for the Cubans
• Why did Americans object to Spanish actions in
  Cuba?
• Americans believed that Spain had treated Cuban
  rebels brutally and that Spain had destroyed the
  Maine

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Battles

• Admiral George Dewey attacked the Spanish Pacific
  Fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines
• Spanish fleet sunk
• U.S. controlled the area

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Emilio Aguinaldo

• Filipino leader who helped the U.S. contain
  Spanish troops, hoping for independence
• U.S. did not grant independence until 1946

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Battle in Cuba

• Navy attacked the Spanish Atlantic Fleet in
  Santiago, Cuba, sinking the ships
• Land war Rough Riders, under Theodore Roosevelt
  charged up San Juan Hill
• A splendid little war

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Transparency Charge of the Rough Riders at San
Juan Hill
Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill
TRANSPARENCY
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Chart Causes of American Deaths in the
Spanish-American War
Causes of American Deaths in the Spanish-American
War
CHART
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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Causes and
Effects
Reading Skill Identify Causes and Effects
NOTE TAKING
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Question

• How did the Rough Riders and African American
  cavalry units contribute to the war effort?
• Both fought in battles that secured the surrender
  of Santiago, Cuba.

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Treaty of Paris 1898

• Cuba gains independence
• U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
• U.S. paid Spain 20 million
• Why did American leaders think it was important
  to keep the Philippines?
• Believed that a presence in the Philippines would
  be valuable in increasing U.S. trade with China

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Results of War

• Fought Aguinaldo for three years
• Teller Amendment promised that the U.S. would not
  annex Cuba
• Constitution of Cuba 1900

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Imperialisms Appeal

• Many Americans felt that imperialism offered a
  New Frontier abroad.
• Many supported the effort to gain foreign markets
  for U.S. products
• The U.S. became a powerful player on the world
  stage
• Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise
  around the world to demonstrate the Great White
  Fleet.

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Anti-Imperialists

• Moral and political arguments nation was founded
  on liberty for all
• Racial arguments some Americans believed that
  people Anglo-Saxon heritage were superior
• Economic arguments some felt that expansion cost
  too much in maintaining necessary armed forces or
  that people from annexed territories would take
  jobs

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William McKinley

• 1900 McKinley defeats Bryan
• U.S. has an empire and new stature in world
  affairs
• Reelected in 1900
• Assassinated in 1901
• Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes
  president
• Why did American leaders think it was important
  to keep the Philippines?
• Some leaders believed that a presence in the
  Philippines would be valuable in increasing U.S.
  trade with China.

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The United States and East AsiaSection 3

• How did the United States extend its influence
  in Asia?
• Vocabulary
• insurrection Open Door Policy
• guerrilla warfare John Hay
• Russo-Japanese War Boxer Rebellion
• William Howard Taft Great White Fleet
• Gentlemens Agreement
• sphere of influence

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The United States and East Asia
Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule   Main Idea
Filipinos were angry that the United States did
not grant them independence after the
Spanish-American War and rebelled. The Americans
fought the rebels, but eventually the Philippines
became independent. The United States Pursues
an Interest in China Main Idea The United
States tried to establish a system of fair trade
in China, so that they could have as much access
to goods as European powers. Tensions Rise
Between America and Japan Main Idea Asian
prejudice in America and resentment of western
interference in Japan led to growing conflict
between the two regions in the early 1900s.
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Key Words

• Concession grant for a piece of land in exchange
  for a promise to use the land for a specific
  purpose
• Dollar diplomacy encourage investment abroad

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Key Words

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
  extension of a previously accepted idea
• 1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for territorial
  aggression
• 2. U.S. intervene to prevent intervention
  from other powers
• Racism belief that differences in character or
  intelligence are due to ones race

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Filipinos Rebel

• Emilio Aguinaldo used guerilla warfare to try to
  win independence from the U.S.
• After his capture in 190a, the insurrection
  ended, taking the lives of 5,000 Americans and
  200,00 Filipinos
• Why did hostilities erupt in the Philippines
  after the Spanish-American War?
• The U.S. took possession of the Philippines, and
  Filipinos wanted their independence.

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Infographic War and Peace in the Philippines
War and Peace in the Philippines
INFOGRAPHIC
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China

• Vast market
• Sphere of Influence
• John Hay developed Open Door Policy America
  wanted free trade in China
• Boxer Rebellion 1900 rebellion against
  foreigners Righteous and Harmonious Fists
  European powers forced China to pay for damage
• How did the U.S. protect its commercial interests
  in China?
• The U.S. protected its interests with the Open
  Door Policy, asserting its right to trade on the
  same footing as European countries.

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Transparency The Boxer Rebellion
The Boxer Rebellion
TRANSPARENCY
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Russo-Japanese War

• In 1905, Roosevelt mediated the conflict.
• He received the Nobel Peace Prize for his role as
  mediator.
• Japan received land and control over Korea
  Russia left Manchuria China remained open to all
  for trade.

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Gentlemens Agreement

• 1906 San Francisco banned Asian children from
  attending schools with whites
• TR convinced the city to back down, and Japan
  limited emigration to the U.S.
• Caused hostility

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Great White Fleet

• Roosevelt promoted military preparedness to
  protect American interests in Asia
• 1907 sent 16 battleships on a good will cruise
  around the world
• What were some of the difficulties America faced
  in maintaining good relations with Japan?
• American prejudice in CA schools was an
  impediment to good relations with Japan.

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Note Taking Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
Reading Skill Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING
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The United States and Latin AmericaSection 4

• What actions did the United States take to
  achieve its goals in Latin America?
• Vocabulary
• Foraker Act Panama Canal
• Roosevelt Corollary Platt Amendment
• big stick diplomacy dollar diplomacy
• moral diplomacy
• Francisco Pancho Villa

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The United States and Latin America
U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba Main Idea
After the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico
remained under direct U.S. rule and Puerto Ricans
were given some citizenship rights. The United
States also continued to have influence in Cuban
government. Roosevelt Pursues Big Stick
Diplomacy Main Idea Theodore Roosevelt thought
it was important to take a strong stand in
international affairs, and wanted the United
States to act as police for all of Latin
America. Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy Main
Idea When Wilson was elected President, he
criticized the imperialist actions of his
predecessors. However, under his term the United
States continued to intervene in Mexico and Latin
American affairs. Continued
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Platt Amendment - Cuba

• Cuban government could not enter foreign
  agreements
• Had to give the U.S. two bases (Guantanamo Bay)
• U.S. had right to intervene
• Why did Cubans dislike the Platt Amendment?
• The Platt Amendment brought Cuba under U.S.
  control, restricted Cubans rights, and allowed
  the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs.

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Puerto Rico

• No independence
• People given citizenship in 1917
• Recently voted on statehood

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Theodore Roosevelts Foreign Policy

• U.S. a world power
• Intervenes in the affairs of countries that were
  of economic and strategic interest
• Spanish-American War shows the need for a shorter
  route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans

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Foreign Policy

• Speak softly and carry a big stick you will go
  far. This quote by TR alluded to the threat of
  military force to conduct an aggressive foreign
  policy.
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine the
  U.S. government would intervene to prevent
  intervention from other powers.
• Santo Domingo U.S. took over finances and paid
  European debt
• U.S. continued to intervene in Latin America

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The Panama Canal
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Panama Canal

• Isthmus of Panama belonged to Columbia
• Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879
  to build a canal.
• After 10 years, the company abandoned the
  project.
• Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902,
  authorizing the purchase of the French assets for
  40 million.
• Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.

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Lease

• Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not
  interfere if the French company organized a
  Panamanian revolt against Colombia.
• In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with U.S.
  warships offshore to provide support for the
  rebels.
• The U.S. recognized Panama as an independent
  country and ratified the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
  in 1904.
• The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a
  10-mile-wide strip for a Canal Zone for 10
  million.

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Construction

• Construction, which began in 1904, was finished
  in 1914
• William C. Gorgas virtually eliminated malaria
  and yellow fever.
• Roosevelts tactics used to acquire the Panama
  Canal caused ill-will among Latin Americans
  toward the U.S.
• In 1921, Congress paid Colombia 25 million in
  recognition of the illegal means used to acquire
  the Canal Zone

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Building the Panama Canal
TRANSPARENCY
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Panama Canal
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Note Taking Reading Skill Identify Supporting
Details
Reading Skill Identify Supporting Details
NOTE TAKING
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William Howard Taft

• Elected in 1908
• Foreign policy goals were to maintain the open
  door in Asia and preserve stability in Latin
  America
• Dollar diplomacy substituted dollars for
  bullets, although the results were not always
  profitable.

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Question

• What were Roosevelts most important
  foreign-policy initiatives in Latin America?
• Roosevelts initiatives in Latin America were his
  Corollary, which claimed the U.S. right to
  intervene in the affairs of Latin America, and
  his big stick diplomacy, which emphasized a
  strong U.S. military.

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Wilsons Moral Diplomacy

• Stated that he would not use imperialism, but
  would promote human rights, national integrity,
  and opportunity
• Used military power in Latin America and Haiti
• What was moral diplomacy?
• Moral diplomacy was a policy that stressed
  respecting the rights of other nations to govern
  and not using force to impose U.S. policies on
  other sovereign governments.

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Intervention in Mexico
INFOGRAPHIC
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Note Taking Reading Skill Compare
Reading Skill Compare
NOTE TAKING