Twenty-seven

1
Twenty-seven

• The Cold War World Global Politics, Economic
  Recovery, and Cultural Change

2
Introduction

• Wasteland
• Europe as land of wreckage and confusion
• Refugees returned home
• Housing now scarce, food in short supply

3
Introduction

• Trauma
• The brutality of war
• Civil war
• Liberation and betrayal

4
Introduction

• Recovery
• Government authority
• Functioning bureaucracies
• Legitimate legal systems
• Memories

5
Introduction

• The emergence of the superpowers and the cold war
• Collapse of the European empires

6
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• The Iron Curtain
• Teheran (1943) and Yalta (1945) Conferences
• Soviets argued they had a legitimate claim to
  eastern Europe

7
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• The Soviets and Eastern Europe
• The peoples republics
• Sympathetic to Moscow
• One party took hold of key positions of power
• Churchills Iron Curtain speech (Fulton,
  Missouri, 1946)
• Communist governments in Poland, Hungary,
  Romania, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia (1948)
• Soviet purges in the parties and administrations
  of satellite governments
• Began in the Balkans
• Extended through Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
  and Poland

8
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• The Soviets and Eastern Europe
• Greece
• Local communist-led resistance
• British and United States determined to keep
  Greece in their sphere of influence
• Greece as touchstone for escalating American fear
  of communist expansion

9
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• The Soviets and Eastern Europe
• The two Germanys
• Four occupied zones became two hostile states
• Berlin divided as well
• Three Western allies created a single government
  for their territories in 1948
• Soviets retaliated with the Berlin blockade (June
  1948May 1949)
• Cut all roads, trains, and river access from the
  western zone to West Berlin
• The Berlin airlift
• The Federal Republic (West Germany)
• The German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

10
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• The Marshall Plan
• U.S. response to Soviet expansion was massive
  economic and military aid
• The Truman Doctrine (1947)
• Military assistance to anticommunists in Greece
• Tied the contest for political power to economics
• The Marshall Plan (1948)
• 13 billion of aid for industrial development
  over four years
• Encouraged states to diagnose their own problems
  and develop solutions
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, April
  1949)
• United States, Canada, and representatives from
  Western European states
• Greece, Turkey, and West Germany added later
• Armed attack against one is an armed attack
  against all

11
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Two worlds and the race for the bomb
• Soviet response
• Warsaw Pact (1955)
• Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
  Poland, Romania, East Germany

12
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Two worlds and the race for the bomb
• The nuclear arms race
• Soviets tested an atom bomb in 1949
• Soviets and United States both had the hydrogen
  bomb in 1953
• One thousand times more powerful than the
  Hiroshima explosion
• The nuclearization of warfare
• Polarized the cold war
• Forced other countries to join United States or
  Soviets
• Generated fears that local conflicts might
  trigger a general war
• The bomb as symbol of an age
• Science, technology, and progress
• The threat of mass destruction

13
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Two worlds and the race for the bomb
• Was the cold war inevitable?
• Stalins ambitions fueled the cold war
• United States feared Soviet expansion
• Domestic intensification of the cold war
• Anxiety
• Air raid drills, spy trials, the menacing other

14
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Khrushchev and the thaw
• Death of Stalin (March 1953)
• Nikita Khrushchev (18941971) came to power in
  1956
• Agreed to summit with Britain, France, and the
  United States

15
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Khrushchev and the thaw
• The secret speech (1956)
• Denounced Stalinist excesses
• The thaw (19561958)
• Camps released thousands of prisoners
• The rehabilitation of relatives of those executed
  or imprisoned under Stalin
• Cultural expression freed up
• Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
• One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1962)
• The Gulag Archipelago (Paris, 1973)
• Arrest and exile

16
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Repression in Eastern Europe
• Poland
• Demands for more independence to manage their own
  economy (1956)
• Government responded with military repression and
  promises of liberalization
• Polands loyalty to the Warsaw Pact

17
The Cold War and a Divided Continent

• Repression in Eastern Europe
• Hungary
• Imre Nagynationalist and communist
• Attempted to leave Warsaw Pact
• Soviet troops entered Budapest on November 4,
  1956
• East Germany
• East Germans continued to flee (2.7 million
  between 1949 and 1961)
• Khrushchev demanded a permanent division of
  Germany with a free city of Berlin
• The Berlin Wall (1961)

18
Economic Renaissance

• The economic miracle
• War provided technologies with practical and
  immediate applications
• Improved communications
• Manufacture of synthetic materials, aluminum, and
  alloy steels
• Advances in techniques of prefabrication
• High consumer demand and high levels of employment

19
Economic Renaissance

• The role of government
• The necessity of planning
• Mixed economies provided public and private
  ownership
• West Germany experienced unprecedented economic
  growth
• Production increased sixfold (19481964)
• Unemployment reached 0.4 percent (1965)
• Britain
• The economy remained sluggish
• Obsolete factories and methods
• Unwillingness to adopt new techniques

20
Economic Renaissance

• European economic integration
• European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC, 1951)
• European Economic Community (EEC or Common
  Market)
• France, West Germany, Italy, Britain, Holland,
  and Luxembourg
• Abolition of trade barriers
• Committed to common external tariffs
• The free movement of labor
• A unified wage structure and social security
  systems
• The Eurocrats
• EEC became the worlds largest importer (1963)
• Total production 70 percent higher than it had
  been in 1950

21
Economic Renaissance

• European economic integration
• Bretton Woods (July 1944)
• Aimed to coordinate movements of the global
  economy
• Created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and
  the World Bank
• All currencies pegged to the dollar

22
Economic Renaissance

• Economic development in the East
• National income rose and output increased
• Poland and Hungary strengthened their economic
  connections with the West
• COMECON compelled other members to trade with the
  Soviet Union

23
Economic Renaissance

• The welfare state
• Welfare state coined by Clement Atlee (British
  Labour Party)
• Britain
• Free medical health care through the National
  Health Service
• Assistance to families
• Guaranteed secondary education
• Welfare relief as entitlement and not poor relief

24
Economic Renaissance

• European politics
• Pragmatism
• Konrad Adenauer
• West German chancellor (19491963)
• Despised German militarism
• Remained apprehensive about German parliamentary
  government
• General Charles de Gaulle and the Fifth French
  Republic
• Retired from politics in 1946
• Returned to office after Algerian war (1958)
• Insisted on a new constitution
• Strengthened executive branch of government
• France withdrew from NATO in 1966
• Cultivated better relations with Soviet Union
• Modern military establishment, with atomic weapons

25
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The Third World

26
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The Chinese Revolution (1949)
• Civil war since 1926
• Chiang Kai-shek (18871975)nationalist
• Mao Zedong (18931976)communist
• Nationalists and communists defeated Japan
• Mao refused to surrender northern provinces
• U.S. intervention
• The Revolution was the act of a nation of
  peasants

27
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The Chinese Revolution (1949)
• Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese conditions
• The loss of China provoked fear in the West
• United States considered China and the Soviet
  Union to be a communist bloc

28
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The Korean War
• A cold war hot spot
• Korea under Japanese control during World War II
• Post-1945Soviets controlled north (Kim Jong II)
  and United States controlled south (Syngman Rhee)
• North Korean troops attacked across the border
  (June 1950)

29
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The Korean War
• United States brought invasion to the attention
  of the UN Security Council
• UN permitted an American-led police action
• General Douglas MacArthur (18801964)
• Former military governor of occupied Japan
• Led amphibious assault behind North Korean lines
• Wanted to press assault into China
• Relieved of duty by Truman
• Chinese troops supported North Koreans

30
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The Korean War
• Stalemate
• The end of the Korean conflict (June 1953)
• Korea remained divided

31
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• Decolonization
• The decline of older empires
• Nationalist movements and independence

32
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• India
• Post-1945waves of Indian protest for Britain to
  quit India
• Mohandas K. Gandhi (18691948)
• Pioneered anticolonial ideas and tactics
• Advocated swaraj (self-rule), nonviolence, and
  civil disobedience
• Jawaharlal Nehru (18891964)
• Led the proindependence Congress Party
• Ethnic and religious conflict
• The Muslim League
• British India partitioned into India (majority
  Hindu) and Pakistan (majority Muslim)
• Brutal religious and ethnic warfare

33
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• Palestine
• Balfour Declaration (1917)
• Promised a Jewish homeland in Palestine for
  European Zionists
• Rising conflict between Jewish settlers and Arabs
  (1930s)
• British limited further immigration (1939)
• A three-way war
• Palestinian Arabsfighting for land and
  independence
• Jewish settlers determined to defy British rule
• British administrators with divided sympathies

34
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• Palestine
• United Nations partitioned territory into two
  states
• Israel declared independence in May 1948
• Palestinian Arabs clustered in refugee camps
• Gaza strip
• West bank of the Jordan River

35
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• Africa
• Several west African colonies moved toward
  independence
• Britain left constitutions and a legal system but
  no economic support
• More African colonies gained independence
• Could not redress losses from colonialism
• Britain tolerated apartheid in South Africa
• Banned political protest

36
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
• Britain found the cost of maintaining naval and
  air bases too high
• Nationalists forced British to withdraw troops
  from Egypt within three years (1951)
• King Farouk (19211965) deposed by nationalist
  officers and a republic is proclaimed (1952)

37
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
• Gamal Abdel Nasser (19181970)
• Became Egyptian president
• Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company
• Financing the Aswan Dam
• Pan-Arabism
• Willing to take aid and support from the Soviets

38
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• The British Empire unravels
• Crisis in Suez and the end of an era
• Israel, France, and Britain found pan-Arabism
  threatening
• Egypt attacked by Israel, France, and Britain
  (1956)
• United States inflicted financial penalties on
  Britain and France, forced to withdraw

39
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• French decolonization
• The French experience
• Decolonization was bloodier, more difficult, and
  more damaging to French prestige

40
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• French decolonization
• The first Vietnam War, 19461954
• The French in Indochinaone of Frances last
  imperial acquisitions
• Nationalist and communist independence movements
• Ho Chi Minh (18901969)
• Hoped for independence at Versailles (1919)
• Marxist peasants organized around social,
  agrarian, and national issues
• Allies supported communist independence movement

41
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• French decolonization
• The first Vietnam War, 19461954
• Vietnamese guerrilla war against the French
• French pressed on for total victory
• French established a base at Dien Bien Phu (fell
  in May 1954)
• French began peace talks at Geneva
• The Geneva Accords
• Vietnam divided into two states
• North Vietnamtaken over by Ho Chi Minhs party
• South Vietnamtaken over by pro-Western
  politicians
• A virtual guarantee that war would continue

42
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• French decolonization
• Algeria
• Since the 1830s, a settler state of three social
  groups
• One million Europeans (farmers, vintners, working
  class, small merchants)
• Muslim Berbers (formal and informal privileges)
• Muslim Arabs (largest and most deprived sector)
• Post-1945Algerian nationalists called on the
  Allies to recognize their independence
• France granted limited enfranchisement
• Settlers and Berber Muslims
• Arabs

43
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• French decolonization
• Algeria
• Arab activists form the National Liberation Front
  (FLN) in the mid-1950s
• Civil war on three fronts
• Guerrilla war between regular French army and FLN
• FLN terrorism in Algerian cities
• Systematic torture by French security forces
• De Gaulle declared that Algeria would always be
  French

44
Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War

• French decolonization
• Algeria
• Algeria declared its independence by referendum
  in 1962
• The war divided French society
• The identity of France

45
Postwar Culture and Thought

• The black presence
• Présence Africaine (published at Paris, 1947)
• Aimé Césaire (b. 1913) and Léopold Senghor
  (19062001)
• Both men were the exponents of Négritude (black
  consciousness)
• Powerful indictments of colonialism

46
Postwar Culture and Thought

• The black presence
• Frantz Fanon (19251961)
• Withdrawing into black culture was not an answer
  to racism
• A theory of radical social change
• Pointed to the ironies of Europes civilizing
  mission
• The reevaluation of blackness

47
Postwar Culture and Thought

• Existentialism
• Jean-Paul Sartre (19051980) and Albert Camus
  (19131960)
• Individuality, commitment, and choice
• Existence precedes essence
• Meaning in life is not given, it is created
• Individuals are condemned to be free
• CamusThe Stranger (1942), The Plague (1947), and
  The Fall (1956)

48
Postwar Culture and Thought

• Existentialism
• Existentialism and race
• Race derived meaning from lived experience
• Simon de Beauvoir (19081986)
• The Second Sex (1949)
• One is not born a woman, one becomes one
• Asked why women dream the dreams of men?

49
Postwar Culture and Thought

• Memory and amnesia The aftermath of war
• The Frankfurt school
• Theodore Adorno (19031969) and Max Horkheimer
  (18951973)
• Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947)
• Indictment of the culture industry for
  depoliticizing the masses

50
Postwar Culture and Thought

• Memory and amnesia The aftermath of war
• Hannah Arendt (19061975)
• Nazism and Stalinism should be understood as a
  form of totalitarianism
• The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951)
• Totalitarianism worked by mobilizing mass support
• Used terror to crush resistance
• The atomization of the public
• Made collective resistance impossible

51
Conclusion

• Fidel Castro
• The Bay of Pigs (1961)
• The Cuban missile crisis (1962)
• Dr. Strangelove (1964)
• Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex

52
This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint for Chapter
27.
http//www.wwnorton.com/college/history/wciv_16e/b
rief