Mass Society in an

1
Chapter 23

• Mass Society in an Age of Progress,
• 1871 - 1894

2
Timeline
3
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity New Products
New Markets

• Mass Society
• In the late 19th century, human progress was
  measured with material progress and consumption
  of material goods
• Europeans began to value leisure activities and
  the weekend (free from work)
• Lower and middle class began to take trains to
  amusement parks and the beach
• Mass Politics
• After 1871, the focus of European life became the
  national state
• Growing sense of nationalism and popularity of
  sports
• Extension of universal male suffrage leads to
  nationalism to influence the masses
• First Industrial Revolution
• Textiles, railroads, iron, and coal
• Second Industrial Revolution
• Steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum

4
Possible Test Question

• In late nineteenth-century Europe, human progress
  was increasingly identified with
• War.
• Economic inequality.
• Material progress or greater consumption of
  material goods.
• Sport.
• Spiritual beliefs and practices.

5
Possible Test Question

• By 1871, the focus of Europeans lives had become
• Their weekends.
• Their schools.
• Their favorite sports teams.
• The national state.
• Their church.

6

• Substitution of steel for iron
• 1860 Britain, Germany, France, Belgium produced
  125,000 tons of steel
• 1913 the total rose to 32 million tons
• Chemicals
• Germany led the market in production of dyes
  photographic plates
• Electricity (powered 2nd Industrial Revolution)
• Thomas Edison (1847-1931) and Joseph Swan light
  bulb
• Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) telephone,
  1876
• Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) radio waves
  across the Atlantic, 1901
• Used for transportation railways, streetcars,
  subways
• Transformation of factories

7
Possible Test Question

• Between 1860 and 1913, western European steel
  production went from
• 5000 tons to 1 million tons.
• 35,000 tons to 2 million tons.
• 50,000 tons to 15 million tons.
• 125,000 tons to 32 million tons.
• 10 million tons to 100 million tons.

8

• Internal Combustion Engine (1878-Gas Air)
• Automobile and airplane
• Henry Ford (1863-1947) mass production
  (assembly line)
• Zeppelin airship, 1900
• Wright brothers, 1903 (1st passenger air service
  1919)
• New markets
• Focused on consumer goods for domestic markets
• Prices of food and manufactured goods decreased
• Increased wages
• Competition for foreign markets
• Tariff
• Reaction against free trade to guarantee domestic
  markets for their own industries
• Cartels
• Companies worked together to fix prices set
  production quotas
• Larger factories
• Assembly lines

9
Possible Test Question

• The first internal combustion engine burning a
  mixture of gas and air was produced in
• 1798.
• 1838.
• 1858.
• 1878.
• 1898.

10
An Age of Progress
11
New Patterns in an Industrial Economy

• Economic Patterns, 1873 1914
• Depression, 1873 1895
• Economic boom, 1895 1914
• German Industrial Leadership
• Germany replaces Britain as the industrial leader
  of Europe
• New areas of manufacturing (chemicals, electrical
  equipment)
• Industrialized later, so they invested in modern
  equipment
• Encouraged scientific technical education

12
Possible Test Question

• Germany began to replace Britain as Europes
  industrial leader by the early twentieth century
  largely due to
• Britains careless and radical changes made to
  its industries.
• Germanys cautious approach and doctrine of
  sticking to what works in industry.
• Britains reliance on cartels to invest large
  sums of money in new industries.
• Germanys development of new areas of
  manufacturing including chemicals and heavy
  electric machinery.
• Britains loss of empire during and after the
  Boer War.

13

• European Economic Zones
• Advanced industrial core of Great Britain,
  Belgium France, the Netherlands, Germany, western
  part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and northern
  Italy
• Little industrial development in southern Italy,
  most of Austria-Hungary, Spain, Portugal, the
  Balkan kingdoms, and Russia
• Surplus grain and cheap transportation caused a
  sharp drop in agricultural prices.
• The Spread of Industrialization
• Industrialization in Russia and Japan
• Japans government took the lead in promoting
  industry
• Emergence of a World Economy
• Europe was importing goods from around the world
• Foreign countries were used as markets for the
  surplus of manufactured goods

14
Possible Test Question

• The Second Industrial Revolution experienced
• A drop in agricultural prices.
• The shift from a three-field to a two-field crop
  rotation system due to better chemical
  fertilizers.
• The emergence of a new class of agricultural
  production leaders called coloni.
• A sharp increase in agricultural prices.
• To stabilize agricultural prices at the level
  attained in 1850.

15
Map 23.1 The Industrial Regions of Europe by 1914
16
Women and Work New Job Opportunities

• Women sought the Right to work
• Ideal of Domesticity working class
  organizations supported traditional roles for
  women
• Sweatshops subcontracting work out to women at
  home
• White-Collar Jobs
• Increase in white-collar jobs created a shortage
  of male workers opening up opportunities for
  women (After 1870)
• Expansion of service sector jobs - secretaries,
  teachers nurses
• Freedom from domestic patterns
• Prostitution
• Many lower class women became prostitutes in big
  cities as a way to survive
• London 1885 an estimated 60,000 prostitutes
• Contagious Diseases Acts in the 1870s 1880s
• Called for inspection of prostitutes for venereal
  diseases
• Acts were repealed over complaints that men were
  not being checked

17
Possible Test Question

• Employment opportunities for women during the
  Second Industrial Revolution
• Changed in quality and quantity with the
  expansion of the service sector.
• Declined dramatically as prostitution became
  illegal.
• Increased greatly with working-class men pushing
  their wives to work outside the home.
• Declined when piece-work was abandoned as
  inefficient and sweatshops were outlawed.
• Declined because labor unions forced governments
  to restrict most employment opportunities to men
  only.

18
New Jobs for Women The Telephone Exchange
19
Organizing the Working Class

• Trade Unions
• First half of the 19th Century
• Trade Unions functioned as mutual aid societies
• Late 19th Century
• Formed labor unions and political parties based
  on ideas of Karl Marx
• Trade unions are increasingly aligned with
  socialist parties
• Socialist Parties
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
• Largest German political party by 1912
• Growth of socialist parties spread to other
  European countries
• Second International united socialist
  organization
• Struggled due to internal differences
• Two divisive issues nationalism and revisionism

20
Possible Test Question

• The trade union movement prior to World War I
• Was strongest in France after the dissolution of
  the Second International in 1890.
• Occurred despite trade unions being banned by
  most state governments.
• Varied from state to state, but was generally
  allied with socialist parties.
• Was primarily for unskilled laborers, especially
  the New Model unions.
• Focused entirely on wages and working conditions
  negotiated directly with employers without any
  government involvement in the process.

21

• Evolutionary Socialism (Revisionism)
• Eduard Bernstein (1850-1932)
• Member of the German Social Democratic Party who
  spent years in exile in Britain
• Argued that Marx had made fundamental mistakes
  and socialists needed to stress cooperation and
  evolution rather than class conflict and
  revolution
• Stressed the need to work through democratic
  politics to create socialism, not revolution.

22

• The Problem of Nationalism
• Variation of socialist parties from country to
  country
• Focused on issues in their own countries instead
  of a unified workers movement
• The Role of Trade Unions
• National variations
• German unions were the strongest
• Unions and political parties
• The Anarchist Alternative
• More popular in less industrialized nations
  (Italy, Spain, Russia, Portugal) where people
  saw no hope of peaceful political change
• Initially believed that people were inherently
  good but got corrupted by the state and society
• Socialist parties and trade unions became less
  radical so some people turned to anarchism as a
  means for a social revolution
• Michael Bakunin
• Russian anarchist who advocated violence to
  dissolve state institutions

23
Possible Test Question

• Anarchist movements were most successful in
• Industrialized countries like Great Britain and
  Germany.
• Toppling national governments through
  assassinations.
• Restoring legitimacy to radical movements through
  peaceful dialogue with political opponents.
• Less industrialized and less democratic countries
  where ordinary people could see no hope of
  peaceful political change.
• Countries with revolutionary traditions like
  France.

24
Proletarians of the World, Unite
25
Emergence of a Mass Society

• Population Growth
• 1850 270 million
• 1910 460 million
• Population growth
• 1850-1880 caused by increasing birth rate
• After 1880 caused by declining mortality rate
• Medical discoveries and environmental conditions
• Smallpox vaccination
• Improved publication sanitation
• Reduced deaths from diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid
  fever, cholera
• Improved nutrition
• Better nutrition food hygiene
• Faster shipment of food
• Pasteurization of milk
• Emigration
• Economic motives
• Oppressed minorities went to other countries
  (especially U.S)
• Political motives
• Lower class citizens seeking more freedom

26
Possible Test Question

• Between 1850 and 1910, European population
• Increased from 270 million to 460 million.
• Actually decreased slightly.
• Increased from 45 to 60 million.
• Stagnated, causing severe problems for the
  development of leisure industries.
• Declined significantly because of the pollution
  engendered by increasing urbanization.

27
Table 23.2 European Emigration, 1876 1910
28
Map 23.2 Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
29
Transformation of the Urban Environment

• Urbanization of Europe
• Migration from rural to urban
• 1800 21 European cities with a population of
  100,000
• 1900 147 European cities with a population of
  100,000
• People moved to the cities for job opportunities
• Improving Living Conditions
• Reformers Edwin Chadwick and Rudolf Virchow
• Pointed to relationship between living conditions
  and disease
• Buildings begin to be inspected for problems
• Public Health Act of 1875 in Britain
• Clean water into the city
• Private baths (Hot water) became accessible to
  people in 1860s
• Shower appears in 1880s
• Sewage System

30

• Housing Needs
• Reformer-philanthropists focused on relationship
  of living conditions to political and moral
  health of the nation built homes for the poor
• Government support increase in regulations
• Demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive walls
  and new, wider streets
• Octavia Hill rehabilitated old homes and built
  new ones designed to give the poor an environment
  they could use to improve themselves
• Redesigning the Cities
• Major European cities were redesigned after the
  example of Paris in the 1850s
• Construction of streetcars commuter trains
  created suburbs

31
Possible Test Question

• Reforms in urban living included all of the
  following except
• The development of pure water and sewerage
  systems.
• Model homes built for the poor by wealthy
  philanthropists.
• The demolition of old, unneeded urban defensive
  walls, replaced by wide avenues.
• A concerted effort to clean up all polluted
  rivers and lakes.
• Some increases in governmental regulations.

32
Working-Class Housing in London
33
The Social Structure of the Society

• The Upper Classes
• 5 of the population that controlled 30 to 40 of
  wealth
• Plutocrats aristocrats who made their money on
  investments in railroads, public utilities,
  government bonds, businesses
• Alliance of wealthy business elite and
  traditional aristocracy
• Common bonds wealthy middle class kids admitted
  to elite schools
• The Middle Classes
• Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower
  middle-class
• Professionals (law, medicine, civil service)
• New professionals engineers, architects,
  accountants, chemists
• White-collar workers (product of the 2nd
  Industrial Revolution)
• Sales reps, bookkeepers, bank tellers, telephone
  operators, secretaries, department store clerks
• Middle-class values came to dominate
• Concerned with traditional Christian values and
  work ethic

34
Possible Test Question

• The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe
• Were composed mostly of shopkeepers and
  manufacturers who barely lived above the poverty
  line.
• Offered little opportunity for women in improving
  their lot.
• Were very concerned with propriety and shared
  values of hard work and Christian morality.
• Viewed progress with distrust as they did not
  wish to lose their economic gains.
• Were sinking in economic and social security
  because of the increase of plutocrats.

35

• The Lower classes
• 80 percent of the European population
• Agriculture
• Many were landholding peasants sharecroppers,
  laborers
• Urban working class Skilled, semiskilled,
  unskilled workers 
• Skilled artisans cabinet makers, printers,
  jewelry makers
• semiskilled artisans carpenters, bricklayers,
  factory workers
• Unskilled laborers day laborers, domestic
  services

36
A Middle-Class Family
37
The Woman Question The Role of Women

• Traditional Values
• Marriage the only honorable and available career
• Decline in the birth rate in part to some birth
  control
• 1840s-invention of vulcanized rubber made birth
  control an option
• Elizabeth Poole Sanford encouraged women to avoid
  being self-sufficient. Thought women should
  embrace domesticity and dependence on their
  husbands.
• Middle-Class and Working-Class Families
• Glorified Domesticity
• Domestic ideal for the family emphasized
  togetherness with time for leisure
• Stressed functional knowledge for their children
  to prepare them for future roles.
• Daughters of working class families worked until
  married
• 1890 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible
  to live on husbands wages
• Limit size of the family
• Reduced work week

38
Possible Test Question

• For Elizabeth Poole Sanford, women should
• Avoid being self-sufficient.
• Strive to become equal to men.
• Accept their roles at home until new governmental
  reforms were instituted.
• Make it known to their husbands that they were
  dissatisfied.
• Take employment outside the home to become
  economically self-sufficient.

39
Education in the Mass Society

• Expansion of Secondary Education
• Universal Elementary Education
• States began to offer public education
• By 1900, most were free and compulsory at the
  primary level
• States assumed the responsibility for teacher
  training
• Liberal Beliefs About Education
• Personal and social development
• Needs of industrialization
• Differences in education of boys and girls
• Girls - less math science, more domestic
  skills
• Boys humanities plus carpentry military drill
• Political motives
• Need for an educated electorate
• Instilled patriotism and nationalized the masses
• Female Teachers
• Increased Literacy from mass education
• Growth of Newspapers

40
Possible Test Question

• By 1900, most European educational systems
• Were free and compulsory at least at the primary
  level.
• Were expensive to operate, and charged high
  tuition.
• Were backward and lacked good teachers.
• Still taught a medieval variety of subjects.
• Had declined because of lack of governmental
  interest and support.

41
Mass Leisure

• Amusement Parks
• Music and Dance Halls
• Thomas Cook (1808-1892)
• Pioneer father of mass tourism
• Offered vacations to Europe
• Sports
• Boy Scouts (1908) The real boy scout is not a
  sissy.
• Became organized with rules
• Professional sports leagues emerged
• Boys were encouraged to play sports to toughen
  them up

42
Possible Test Question

• A new development in the age of mass leisure was
• The newspaper and novel.
• The excessive consumption of alcohol.
• The theater.
• Carnival.
• Professional sports.

43
Western Europe The Growth of Political Democracy

• Reform in Britain William Gladstone
• Reform Act of 1867 Suffrage extended
• English Reform Bill of 1884
• Gave English agricultural workers the right to
  vote
• Redistribution Act of 1885 Reorganized the
  election boroughs
• Salaries paid to members of the House of Commons,
  1911
• More people could run for office
• Charles Parnell (1846-1891)
• Leader of the Irish representatives in Parliament
• Called for Home Rule for Ireland
• This would have established a separate Parliament
  for Ireland
• English conservatives voted against home rule
• Resulted in terrorist attacks by the Irish

44
Possible Test Question

• The English Reform Bill of 1884
• Enfranchised women.
• Gave English agricultural workers the right to
  vote.
• Did not dramatically increase the size of the
  electorate.
• Increased the total number of members in the
  House of Commons.
• Increased middle-class representatives in
  Parliament.

45

• Reform in France
• Louis Napoleons 2nd Empire ended with his defeat
  in the Franco-Prussian War
• Universal male suffrage in 1871 enforced by
  Bismarck
• People elected a new National Assembly
• Radical republicans formed an independent
  government in Paris known as the Commune
• Fighting broke out between the Commune and the
  National Assembly
• National Assembly massacred thousands of members
  of the Paris Commune
• Brutal suppression of the Paris Commune created a
  split between the working class and the middle
  class
• Establishment of the Third Republic, 1875
• Monarchists, Catholic clergy and army officers
  opposed the Third Republic
• General Georges Boulanger - leader of a proposed
  coup detat
• Lost the courage to carry it out and fled the
  country
• Boulanger crisis rallied French citizens to the
  republic

46
Possible Test Question

• Splits between the French working and middle
  class
• Were largely solved by the liberal reforms of the
  Third Republic.
• Enabled the Third Republic to elect a new monarch
  in 1875.
• Led a strong parliamentary system of government.
• Were further widened by the brutal suppression of
  the Paris Commune in 1871.
• Ended in light of continued Prussian threats to
  Frances national survival.

47

• Italy
• Had pretensions of great power status
• Sectional differences in Italy
• Italians were loyal to their family, towns and
  regions, but not their country
• Chronic turmoil beyond the governments control
• No universal male suffrage
• Italy Spain
• Both remained second rate European powers

48
Central Eastern Europe Persistence of the Old
Order

• Germany
• Trappings of parliamentary government
• 1871 constitution
• Emperor commands the military in Prussian
  tradition
• Bismarcks conservatism
• Used coalitions to get what he wanted then he
  dropped them
• Kulturkampf - struggle for civilization an
  attack on Catholic Church
• Tried to weaken Social Democratic Party by
  passing antisocialist law
• Tried to woo workers from socialism by passing
  social welfare programs

49
Possible Test Question

• Which statement best applies to Germany under
  chancellor Otto von Bismarck?
• Prussia lost much of its influence on state
  politics.
• Coalitions were used by Bismarck to get what he
  wanted and then he dropped them.
• Socialism was almost completely stamped out by
  the Prussian army.
• Almost all regional differences disappeared under
  the charismatic leadership of Bismarck.
• The emperor became merely a figurehead and lacked
  any political power and influence.

50

• Austria-Hungary
• Austrian constitution of 1867 (in reality it was
  still an autocracy)
• Problem of minorities worsened with universal
  male suffrage, 1907
• Russia
• Alexander III, 1881-1894 Overturns reform and
  returns to repressive measures (autocracy) after
  assassination of Alexander II
• Nicholas II, 1894-1917 Believed in absolute rule

51
Possible Test Question

• The policy pursued by Russias Alexander III and
  Nicholas II after the assassination of Alexander
  II was a policy of
• Liberalism.
• Nationalism.
• Socialism.
• Militarism.
• Autocracy.